He maha ngā taonga iti ka pōrearea i te wā e penapena ana, e kawe ana hoki, ā, he maha ngā taonga ka whakarōpūhia kia rite ki ētahi ture. Ko te takai pouaka whakaaturanga i mua i te hurihuri kua whakakotahihia e pā ana ki te kohikohinga o ngā taonga iti maha kua tākaihia, kua kore rānei e tākaihia ki roto i tētahi wāhanga utanga nui ka taea te hiki, te hiki rānei mā roto i tētahi ipu hei whakahaere i te whakamahinga o ngā mīhini mō te uta, te tango me te whakahaere. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā ipu ki ngā wāhanga e ono e ai ki ō rātou āhua: ngā ipu kua tākaihia, ngā ipu papa, ngā putea ipu, ngā kupenga ipu me ngā ipu. Ko te kaupapa o te takai ipu he penapena i te kaha o te tangata me te whakaiti i te kawe me tepouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuringā utu mō te tākai i ngā taonga.
Pouaka whakaaturanga i mua i te hurihuritikanga tākai
Ko te paihere me te whakakī ipu he tikanga tākai whakakotahi e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi here hei whakakotahi i ngā taonga pēnei i ngā hua whakarewa, rakau, ngā kete iti rānei ki roto i tētahi wae kawe raraunga motuhake. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 7-17 i te whakamahinga o ngā momo here me te whakakī ipu. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tākai ngā rauemi here hei whakakotahi i ngā taonga pēnei i ngā hua whakarewa, te rakau, ngā kete iti rānei ki roto i tētahi wae kawe raraunga motuhake.pouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuriHe iti ake ngā rauemi tākai e pau ana i tēnei tukanga, he iti te utu, he ngāwari ki te penapena, ki te uta, ki te tango, ki te kawe hoki, ā, he mahi anō hoki hei hiri, hei ārai i te tahae, me te ārai i ngā taonga kei ngaro, kei hinga rānei.
Ngā rauemi whitiki e whakamahia whānuitia ana mōpouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuri
Ko ngā rauemi here e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te waea rino, ngā whitiki rino, te polyester, te nairona, te polyethylene, te polypropylene, te polyvinyl chloride me ētahi atu whitiki whitiki kirihou me ngā whitiki whitiki whakapakari. Ko te waea rino te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei here i ngā mea pakari pēnei i ngā kōtaha whakarewa, ngā paipa, ngā pereki, ngā pouaka rakau, me ētahi atu. Ina herea ngā pouaka rakau, ka piri ki ngā taha me ngā kokonga o ngā pouaka rakau. Ko ngā whitiki rino te momo whitiki he kaha kume teitei. He iti te tere whakawhanui, ā, kāore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rā me te pāmahana. He tino pai te kaha pupuri kume, ā, ka taea te tu atu ki te kume o ngā taonga kua pēhia he kaha teitei, engari he ngāwari ki te waikura. He kaha kume teitei me te ātete pānga ngā whitiki polyester, he pai ngā āhuatanga whakaora tere me te kaha pupuri kume, he pai te ātete matū, ā, he pai te rokiroki mō te wā roa. Ka taea e rātou te whakakapi i ngā whitiki rino mō te takai.pouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuringā taonga taumaha. He pīngore ngā whitiki nairona, he kaha, he ātete pai ki te kakahu, ki te piko, ki te wai, ki te matū, ā, he mama hoki. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia mō te paihere me te tākai i ngā taonga taumaha, i ngā papa, me ētahi atu. He rauemi pai rawa atu ngā whitiki polyethylene mō ngā mahi ā-ringa. He ātete pai ki te wai, ā, he pai mō te here i ngā hua ahuwhenua he nui te makuku. Ka taea e rātou te pupuri i te āhua pono me te pumau, he pumau i te rokiroki, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi. He mama, he ngawari te whitiki polypropylene, he kaha teitei, he ātete ki te wai.
He ipu te papareti e whakamahia ana hei whakarārangi i ngā taonga ki tētahi āhua, ā, ka taea te uta, te tango me te kawe.pouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuriHe tikanga tākai whakakotahi e whakakotahi ana i ētahi mōkihi, taonga rānei ki roto i tētahi wāhanga whakahaere motuhake i runga i tētahi huarahi. He pai mō ngā mahi kawe uta me te tango taonga miihini, e whakahaere ana i te whakahaere whare putunga hou, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te uta me te tango taonga me te kawe taonga. Taumata whakahaere whare putunga.
1. Pouaka whakaaturanga i mua i te hurihuritukanga tākai palleti
(1) Tākai papapouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihurime ōna āhuatanga Ko ngā painga o te takai papa he pai te mahi whānui, he maeneene, he pumau hoki te whakarārangi, ka taea te karo i te takanga o ngā kete ki roto i ngā pouaka i te wā e rokiroki ana, e uta ana, e tango ana, e kawe ana me ētahi atu tukanga tohanga. He pai mō te uta, te tango me te kawe i ngā mīhini nui. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakawhirinaki ki te tangata me ngā mīhini iti ki te uta me te tango i ngā kete iti, ka taea te whakapai ake i tōna whai huatanga mahi, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te tukinga, te hinganga, te maka me te whakahaere uaua o ngā taonga i te wā e rokiroki ana, e uta ana me te tango ana, e kawe ana me ētahi atu tukanga tohanga, kia mau ai te Haumarutanga o te hurihanga utanga. Heoi, ka piki ake te utu o te hanga me te tiaki i ngā kete papa, ā, me hoko mai i ngā mīhini whakahaere e tika ana. E whakaatu ana ngā tatauranga e pā ana ko te whakamahi i te takai papapouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuriMā te whakamahi i te takai taketake ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu tohatoha, tae atu ki te whakahekenga 45% mō ngā taputapu kāinga, te whakahekenga 60% mō ngā hua pepa, te whakahekenga 55% mō ngā kai, me te whakahekenga 15% mō ngā pereki karāhe papatahi me ngā pereki ātete ahi.
(2) Ngā tikanga whakarārangi papa E whā ngā tikanga whakarārangi papa e whakamahia whānuitia ana, arā, te momo arotake-ātaahua, te momo whakarara whakamua me te whakamuri, te momo whakawhiti me te momo whakarārangi hurihuri, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 7-18. He rerekē ngā tikanga whakarārangi, ā, me whiriwhiri i runga i te āhuatanga.
I roto i te whakarārangi taupatupatu ngāwari, ka whakaritea ngā taonga i runga i ia paparanga kia rite te āhua, engari kāore he taupatupatu whakawhiti. He ngāwari te wehewehe i ngā taonga i te taha roa, he ngoikore te pumau, ā, me kaha te pēhi o te paparanga o raro o ngā taonga. Mai i te tirohanga ki te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakarārangi me te whakamahi katoa i te kaha pēhi o te takai, ko te whakarārangi taupatupatu ngāwari te tikanga whakarārangi pai rawa atu. He rerekē te tauira whakarārangi o ngā paparanga tauhou me ngā paparanga taurite o te whakarārangi whakamua me te whakamuri. He pai te taupatupatu i waenga i ngā paparanga, ā, he teitei te pumau o te utanga papa. Ko tēnei tikanga whakarārangi e whakamahia ana mō ngā paparanga tapawhā, ā, ko te roa me te whānui o ngā taonga he 3:2, 6:5 rānei. Ko ngā paparanga tauhou me ngā paparanga taurite o te whakarārangi whakawhiti ka whakarārangihia ki ngā ahunga rerekē. He rerekē te ahunga o ngā tauira whakarārangi o ngā paparanga e rua e tata ana mā te 90°. Ko te nuinga e whakamahia ana mō ngā paparanga tapawhā. I roto i te whakarārangi whakarara, i te whakarārangi i ia paparanga, ka hurihia te ahunga mā te 90° kia hanga he taupatupatu hei whakarite i te pumau, engari nā te mea he ngāwari te pokapū ki ngā kōhao, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te mata o te papa, ko tēnei tikanga whakarārangi te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō ngā papa tapawhā. Hei whakarite i te pūtaiao me te haumaru o te whakarārangi i ngā taonga ki runga i ngā papa i roto i tētahi huarahi, i te wā e hoahoa ana i ngā takai papa, me titiro ki te paerewa ā-motu CB4892 "Rigid Cuboid Transport Packaging Dimension Series" i runga i te momo taonga, te taumaha me te rahi o te kawenga papa, me ētahi atu ", GB 13201 "Rigid Cylinder Transport Packaging Dimension Series" me GB 13757 "Bag Transport Packaging Dimension Series" me ētahi atu paerewa hei whakatau tika i te tikanga whakarārangi o ngā taonga ki runga i te papa, ā, ko te reiti whakamahinga o te mata o te papa kāore i raro iho i te 80%.
Ko ngā mātāpono matua mō te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga whakatakoto papa ko:
① Ko ngā taonga tapawhā pakari pērā i te rakau, te pepa me te ipu whakarewa me whakarārangi kia kotahi, kia maha-paparanga rānei, ā, me whakapūmau ki te takai totoro, ki te takai whakangūngū rānei; ② Ngā taonga pepa, muka rānei Me whakamahi i te whakarārangi kia kotahi, kia maha-paparanga rānei, me te hiri whakawhiti ki te rīpene here; ③ Ko ngā ipu whakarewa hiri me ētahi atu taonga porotaka me whakarārangi kia kotahi, kia maha-paparanga rānei, ā, me whakakaha ki ngā uhi rakau; ④ Ātete-makuku, ātete-wai, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā hua pepa tiaki me ngā kakahu me whakarārangi kia maha ngā paparanga, ā, me whakamahi i te takai totoro, te takai whakangūngū, te tāpiri rānei i ngā tautoko kokonga, ngā uhi me ētahi atu hanganga whakakaha; ⑤ Ko ngā taonga pakarukaru me whakarārangi kia kotahi, kia maha-paparanga rānei, me tāpirihia ngā tautoko rakau ki te hanganga wehewehe; ⑥ Ko ngā ipu porotaka, pounamu whakarewa rānei me whakarārangi poutū ki te paparanga kotahi hei whakanui ake
Ka whakapakaritia te hanganga ki ngā anga utanga me ngā papa rakau; ⑦ Ko te nuinga o ngā putea taonga ka whakatakotoria ki mua, ki muri hoki. I roto i te takai papa, ko te hua takai i raro ka pikau i te kawenga pēhi o ngā taonga o runga, ā, mā ngā āhuatanga pēhi roa ka ngokingoki te ipu takai, te rauemi rānei, ka pā ki te pumau o te takai papa. Nō reira, i te wā e hoahoa ana i te takai papa, me tirotiro te kaha o te tāpae o ngā ipu takai me te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga ngokingoki o ngā ipu takai, o ngā rauemi rānei, kia mau ai te haumaru o ngā taonga i te wā e penapena ana, e kawe ana hoki.
(3) Tikanga whakapiri papa I te wā e rongoa ana, e kawe ana hoki i ngā taonga kua utaina ki te papa, kia mau tonu ai tōna pumau, me whakamahi ngā tikanga whakapiri tika hei ārai i te hinga. Mō ngā hua e hiahia ana kia ātete ki te makuku me te wai, me mahi ngā mahi e rite ana. Ngā tikanga whakapiri e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te takai papapouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihurikei roto ko te paihere, te whakapiri, te takai, me ngā taputapu whakapakari tiaki, me ētahi atu, ka taea hoki te whakamahi tahi me ētahi atu. Ko ngā tikanga paihere me te whakapiri he mea noa te whakamahi i ngā whitiki whakarewa me ngā whitiki kirihou hei here whakapae me te poutū i ngā kete me ngā papa hei ārai i te wiri o ngā hua kua takaihia i te wā e kawe ana. () (e) E ai ki te Pikitia 7-19, he maha ngā tikanga whakapiri papa. Mō ngā takai papa kāore tonu e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga kawepouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuriI muri i te whakapūmautanga, me whiriwhiri ngā taputapu whakapakari tiaki kia rite ki te hiahia. He mea hanga ngā taputapu whakapakari tiaki ki te pepa, ki te rakau, ki te kirihou, ki te konganuku, ki ētahi atu rauemi rānei.
2.Pouaka whakaaturanga i mua i te hurihuritikanga hoahoa mōkihi papa
Kua whakaritea te rahi o ngā papa. Hei whakarite i te pānga o te takai papa, me whakakotahi pai te pouaka takai o ngā hua. Ka pā tika te kounga o te takai papa ki te haumaru o ngā hua kua takaihia i roto i te tukanga tohatoha. Ka taea e te takai papa tika te whakapai ake i te kounga me te haumaru o te takai, te tere ake i te kawe waka, me te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe me te takai. E rua ngā tikanga hoahoa mō te takai papa: "roto-waho" me "waho-roto".
(1) Ko te tikanga hoahoa "roto-waho" ko te hoahoa i te takai o roto, te takai o waho me te papa i runga i te raupapa e ai ki te rahi hanganga o te hua. Ka takaihia te hua ki roto i ngā takai iti i ia raupapa mai i te awheawhe whakaputa, kātahi ka rite ki ngā takai iti maha, ki ngā rahi nui ake rānei. Tīpakohia ngā pouaka takai i runga i te takai takitahi.pouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuri, kātahi ka huihuia ngā pouaka tākai kua tīpakohia ki runga i ngā papa, kātahi ka haria ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Kei te Pikitia 7-20 te whakaaturanga o te tukanga hoahoa. E ai ki te rahi o te tākai o waho, ka taea te whakatau i te huarahi e whakarārangihia ai ki runga i te papa. Nā te mea he maha ngā huarahi hei whakarārangi i ngā pouaka kōpikopiko o tētahi rahi ki runga i te papa papa, me whakataurite ngā tikanga rerekē me te whiriwhiri i te otinga tino pai.
I te hoahoa i ngā takai papa, me whai i te modulus takai o te ao whānui o te porowhita pakari [600, 400], ā, me whai i ngā inenga [1200, 800] me te [12001000] i roto i te paerewa ā-motu GB2934 "Ngā Inenga Matua me ngā Manawanui o ngā Papa Papatahi Ao mō te Kawe Waenga". Ko ngā papa raupapa hei whakamahi katoa i te horahanga o te mata o te papa, hei whakaiti i ngā utu takai me te kawe waka. Ka taea te whakaoti i te hoahoa takai papa nui mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa hoahoa takai whakarārangi papa.
3. Pouaka whakaaturanga i mua i te hurihurihangarau tākai ipu
He ipu momo anga te papa, he kaha rawa, ā, he tino pai mō te tākai i ngā hua taumaha me ngā hanganga uaua me ngā puranga nui. Ko ētahi hua he puranga nui, he āhua uaua hoki, ā, kāore e taea te tākai ki roto i ngā papa. Ko te hanganga anga he mea hanga ki te maitai, ki te rakau, ki ētahi atu rauemi rānei. Ko tana mahi he whakatika me te tiaki i ngā taonga, me te whakarato i ngā taputapu āwhina e tika ana mō te hiki, te hiki me te whakarārangi i ngā hua i muri i te huihuinga. Ko tēnei momo hanganga anga e kiia ana he papa, ka taea te hangarua me te whakamahi anō mō te wā roa.
He pouaka hurihuri nui te ipu, he ipu tākai nui hoki mō ngā hua tākai ipu. He mea hanga, he mea whakamahi hoki i runga i ngā paerewa o te ao. He pai rawa atu ngā painga o te kawe ipu i ētahi atu momo kawe, ā, kua noho hei momo kawe utanga matua o te ao.
E ai ki te Komiti Hangarau Ipu ISO/TC104 o te Whakahaere Paerewa o te Ao, ko te ipu he "ipu ka taea te whakamahi anō mō te wā roa, ā, he kaha rawaka; ka taea te whakawhiti i te wā e kawe ana me te kore e nekehia ngā taonga i roto i te ipu, ka taea te whakarerekē tika, ka taea te utaina me te tango tere, ā, ka taea te whakawhiti tika mai i tētahi huarahi kawe. He ngāwari te whakawhiti ki tētahi atu huarahi kawe, he ngāwari mō te whakakī me te tango i ngā taonga, me tētahi ipu kawe he nui ake i te 1m te rahi." He maha ngā huarahi hei whakarōpū i ngā ipu, ā, ka wehea ēnei ki ngā ipu konumohe, ki ngā ipu maitai me ngā ipu muka karāhe e ai ki ngā rauemi. . E ai ki te hanganga, ka wehea ēnei ki ngā ipu pou, ki ngā ipu takai, ki ngā ipu angiangi me ngā ipu anga. E ai ki te kaupapa, ka wehea ēnei ki ngā ipu whānui me ngā ipu motuhake. Ko ngā ipu whānui, arā, ko ngā ipu utanga maroke whānui, ko ngā ipu e whakamahia whānuitia ana me te taumata paerewa teitei. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia ēnei ki te kawe i ngā hua ahumahi kua oti, i ngā mōkihi rānei kāore e hiahiatia he whakatikatika pāmahana. Ko ngā ipu motuhake he ipu me ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā mōkihi, ngā taonga rānei, pērā i ngā ipu papatipu, ngā ipu tuwhera-runga, ngā ipu pouaka whakamātao, ngā ipu whakamahana, ngā ipu hauhautanga, ngā ipu taha tuwhera katoa, ngā ipu whata pereti, ngā ipu tāke, me ngā ipu taiapa. Taria.
Ipu tākaipouaka whakaatu i mua i te hurihuriKo te hangarau te nuinga o te wā e whakauru ana i te whakarite i te mahere penapena utanga ipu, te whiriwhiri i te momo kawe me te tikanga tuku utanga.
me ētahi atu. Mō ngā whakaritenga e tika ana, tirohia ngā paerewa kawe ipu.
Wā tuku: Maehe-22-2024