He maha ngā whenua kei a rātou he ture whakahaere tupeka e whakatakoto ana i te iti rawa o te maha o ngāhe pouaka hikaretika taea te whakauru ki roto i te kete kotahi.
I roto i te maha o ngā whenua kua whai ture mō tēnei, ko te iti rawa o te rahi o ngā kete hikareti he 20, hei tauira, i roto i te Hononga o Amerika (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) me ngā whenua mema o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU). I whakatakotohia e te ture a te EU he iti rawa te maha ohe pouaka hikaretimō ia kete hei whakapiki i te utu o mua o ngā hikareti, ā, nā reira ka iti ake te utu mō ngā taiohi 1. He rerekē, he iti noa ngā ture e pā ana ki te rahi mōrahi o te kete, e rerekē ana i waenga i te 10 me te 50 hikareti mō ia kete puta noa i te ao. I whakaurua mai ngā kete 25 ki Ahitereiria i ngā tau 1970, ā, i uru haere ngā kete 30, 35, 40 me te 50 ki te mākete i roto i ngā tekau tau e rua i muri mai 2. I Airana, kua piki haere tonu ngā rahi kete nui atu i te 20 mai i te 0% o ngā hoko i te tau 2009 ki te 23% i te tau 2018 3. I te United Kingdom, i whakaurua mai ngā kete 23 me te 24 whai muri i te whakaurunga o te takai ma (paerewa). I te ako mai i ēnei wheako, i whakahaua a Aotearoa kia rua noa ngā rahi kete paerewa (20 me te 25) hei wāhanga o tana ture mō te takai ma 4.
Te wātea o ngā rahi kete nui atu i te 20he pouaka o hikaretihe mea tino pārekareka tēnei nā te mea kei te piki haere ngā taunakitanga mō te tūranga o te rahi o ngā wāhanga i roto i te kai i ētahi atu hua.
Ka piki ake te kai e kainga ana ina tukuna ki te tangata he nui ake ngā kai, ki te whakaritea ki ngā kai iti ake, ā, i kitea e te arotake pūnaha a Cochrane he pānga iti ki te whakaōrite o te rahi o ngā kai ki te kai me te inu waikore. 5. I tirotirohia hoki e te arotake ngā taunakitanga mō te pānga o te rahi o ngā kai ki te kai tupeka. E toru noa iho ngā rangahau i tutuki i ngā paearu whakauru, ā, i arotahi katoa kihe pouaka o hikaretite roa, kāore he rangahau e tirotiro ana i te pānga ki te kai o te rahi o te kete hikareti. He āwangawanga te korenga o ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau, nā te mea ko te nui haere o ngā rahi kete nui ake ka whakararu i ngā whakapainga ki te hauora tūmatanui i tutukihia mā roto i ētahi atu kaupapa here whakahaere tupeka.
Tae noa ki tēnei wā, ko te angitu o ngā kaupapa here whakahaere tupeka i roto i te maha o ngā whenua i ahu mai i te whakaiti i te whakamahinga mā roto i ngā wawaotanga utu, kaua ki te whakatairanga i te whakamutu, me te noho tonu o ngā reiti whakamutu i roto i te wā 6. E whakanui ana tēnei wero i te hiahia mō ngā kaupapa here e whakatenatena ana i te whakamutu. Ko te whakaiti i te maha o ngā hikareti ia rā e pau ana i ngā kaipaipa he mea nui pea hei tohu mō ngā nganatanga whakamutu angitu, ā, ahakoa ko te whakapiki i ngā utu te rautaki tino whai hua, he mea nui anō hoki ētahi atu kaupapa here whakahaere tupeka ki te whakaiti i te kai 7. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā ia o te kaipaipa ka taea e ngā kaipaipa te tīmata me te pupuri i te whakaiti i te kai i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. Hei tauira, i ngā tau i te piki haere o te whakamahinga o ngā kaupapa here kore-momi hikareti i ngā wāhi mahi, he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā kaipaipa ki te whakamutu i te momi hikareti i ngā wāhi mahi kore-momi hikareti ki ērā i whakaae kia momi hikareti 8. Kua pūrongohia te maha ohe pouaka o hikaretiKua heke hoki te nui o te momi hikareti ia rā i roto i ngā wā i Ahitereiria, i te United Kingdom me te maha atu o ngā whenua (2002–07)9.
I Ingarangi, ko ngā aratohu a te National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (ngā taunakitanga hauora ā-motu e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga) e akiaki ana i ngā kaipaipa kia whakaiti i te kai i runga i te whakaaro ka piki ake pea te tūponotanga o te whakamutu. Heoi, kei te āwangawanga pea te whakatairanga i te whakaiti i te whakamutu me te ātete ki te hoki anō ki te kaipaipa. I kitea i roto i tētahi arotake pūnaha o ngā wawaotanga whakamutu kaipaipa he rite tonu te whakaheke i mua i te whakamutu, te whakamutu ohorere rānei, ki ngā kaipaipa e hiahia ana ki te whakamutu 11. I kitea i roto i tētahi whakamātautau i muri mai he iti ake te whai huatanga o te whakaheke i te whakamutu i te kaipaipa i te whakamutu ohorere 12; heoi, i kī ngā kaituhi he pai tonu te tohutohu hei whakaiti i te kaipaipa mena ka piki ake te whai wāhi ki te ariā o te whiwhi tautoko. He whakarerekētanga taiao pēnei i te aukatihe pouaka o hikaretiHe kaha te rahi o te kete ki te whakaiti i te kai i tua atu i te mōhiotanga mohio. Nō reira, he whai wāhitanga tēnei ki te whakaputa i ngā painga o te whakaiti i te kai, me te kore e whakawhanake te kaipaipa i ngā whakapono mō te whakaiti i te kino mā te whakaiti anake. Kua whakaatuhia te angitu mai i ngā kaupapa here hei whakawhāiti i te rahi mōrahi, me te maha e whakaaetia ana i roto i te hoko kotahi, o ētahi atu hua kino. Hei tauira, ko te whakaiti i te maha o ngā pire whakamamae i ia kete he mea whai hua ki te aukati i ngā matenga nā te whakamomori 13.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he hanga i runga i tētahi arotake Cochrane 5 tata nei, kāore nei i kitea he rangahau whakamātautau mō te pānga o te rahi o te kete hikareti ki te kai tupeka.
I te korenga o ngā taunakitanga tika, kua kitea e mātou ngā rerekētanga o te wātea ohe pouaka o hikareti ngā rahi me te whakahiato i ngā tuhinga e pā ana ki ngā whakaaro matua e rua mō te rahi o te kete taupoki:
(i) ka taea e te whakaiti i te rahi o te kete te whakaiti i te kai; ā, (ii) ka taea e te whakaiti i te kai te whakanui ake i te whakamutu. Ko te kore o ngā rangahau whakamātautau hei tautoko i ēnei whakaaro kāore e aukati i te riri e piki haere ana te nuihe pouaka o hikaretiTērā pea ka pāngia te angitu o ētahi atu kaupapa here whakahaere tupeka e te rahi o ngā kete (> 20). E kī ana mātou ko te arotahi ture mō te rahi iti rawa o ngā kete, me te kore e whai whakaaro tika mēnā me whai rahi mōrahi o ngā kete, kua waihangahia he ara hei whakamahi mā te umanga tupeka. I runga i ngā taunakitanga ā-korekore, ka whakaarohia e mātou te whakapae ko te ture a te Kāwanatanga ki te whakawhāiti i ngā kete hikareti ki te 20 hikareti ka whai wāhi ki ngā kaupapa here whakahaere tupeka ā-motu me te ao hei whakaiti i te horapa o te momi hikareti.
Wā tuku: Hurae-25-2024