Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Te whanaketanga katoa mai i ngā tikanga tupeka tawhito ki ngā hikareti hurihuri hou

Kāore i te tīmatanga ngā hikareti pepa kua mōhiotia e te tangata o ēnei rā. Engari, i puta haere mai i muri i ngā mano tau o ngā tikanga whakamahi tupeka, ngā auahatanga hangarau, ngā hurihanga ahumahi, me ngā panonitanga ahurea pāpori. Ahakoa kua mano tau te whakamahinga o te tupeka, ko te "hikareti hou" tūturu i hangaia i muri i te hanganga o ngā mīhini hanga hikareti i te mutunga o te rautau 19. Ka whai tēnei tuhinga i ngā takenga mai o te tupeka, me te tūhura i te whanaketanga katoa o ngā hikareti mai i ngā taonga tuku iho o mua ki ngā taonga ahumahi.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Whakautu Tere: Nōnahea tonu i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?

Ki te tautuhia e tātou ngā "hikareti hou" he hua tupeka i hangaia ki te mīhini, he takai pepa, he ōrite te āhua, he pumau te hanganga, ā, he rite tonu te tātari i ngā pito, kua tino tika te rā i whānau ai rātou: I te tau 1880, i angitu te kaihanga o Amerika a James A. Bonsack ki te whakawhanake i te mīhini hanga hikareti tuatahi, ā, i taea ai te hanga hikareti ahumahi tuatahi i roto i te tauine nui.

Heoi, ki te titiro whakamuri ki te hītori, ko te whakamahinga tupeka a te tangata i mua atu i ngā hikareti o ēnei rā, ā, ka whanake haere i roto i ngā momo kawa, ngā paipa, ngā hikā, me te hinu kakara. Nō reira, ko te "Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?" he pātai whanaketanga maha-wāhanga te mea tika ake.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?He aha tonu te mea i momi hikareti ai te tangata i mua i te hiakai?

I mua i te putanga mai o ngā hikareti, he tino kanorau kē te kai tupeka a te tangata. Ko ngā tāngata whenua o Amerika ngā tāngata tuatahi i mōhiotia mō ā rātou whakamahinga, e hongi ana, e ngaungau ana i ngā rau tupeka i roto i ngā karakia, i ngā horopaki rongoā, me ngā huihuinga pāpori—he mahi i ahu mai i ngā mano tau ki muri. I taua wā, i whakanuia te tupeka hei tipu tapu, e whakaponohia ana ka āwhina i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā wairua, ka whakaora rānei i ngā mate.

Whai muri i te Wā o te Kitenga i te rautau 16, ka whakahokia mai te tupeka e ngā tāngata Pākehā ki Ūropi, ā, ka tere te horapa o ngā tikanga kai hou pērā i te paipa, te hinu kakara, me te hikā. Ko te "momi hikareti" i taua wā he rite tonu ki te "momi tupeka mā te paipa," engari kāore i te kitea ngā hikareti pepa. Nō reira, ki te pātai tetahi, "I momi hikareti te iwi o Ūropi o ngā tau waenga?" ko te whakautu: kāore rawa, nā te mea kāore anō kia tae te tupeka ki Ūropi i taua wā.

I te rautau 18 me te 19, ko te hinu kakara, ko te paipa, me te hikā ngā momo kai tupeka matua, ā, i tīmata anō hoki te puta ake o te momo hikareti taketake i tēnei wā.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Ngā Takenga Mai o ngā Hikareti: Mai i ngā Rōra Pepa a ngā Hōia ki te "Hikareti" Tuturu

I ahu mai ngā hikareti pepa tuatahi i Pāniora me Parani. Mai i te mutunga o te rautau 18 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, he maha ngā wā ka takaia e ngā hōia Pāniora ngā toenga tupeka ki roto i ngā pepa para, ki roto rānei i ngā pepa angiangi. Ko ēnei pukapuka pepa māmā te mea tuatahi ki te hanga hikareti. I whai mai ngā hōia Wīwī i tēnei momo hikareti, ā, i rongonui whānuitia te kupu "hikareti" i te Pakanga o Crimea.

I tēnei wā, i noho tonu ngā hikareti i hangaia ā-ringa, kāore i rite te kounga, he iti te hanga, ā, he uaua ki te rongonui. He tokoiti noa iho i momi i tēnei "tupeka a te hunga rawakore," ko ngā hikareti me ngā paipa ia ngā mea matua mō te hunga rangatira me te hunga waenga-o-te ...

Nō reira, ahakoa kāore e taea te kī tino tika "nā wai i momi hikareti tuatahi," he mārama ko ngā hikareti tuatahi i takaihia ki te pepa i ahu mai pea i te tikanga tupeka ā-ringa o Pāniora, ā, i horapa puta noa i Ūropi mā roto i ngā hōia.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?I tino puta te hikareti hou i te tau 1880: Nā te mīhini hikareti i whakarerekē ngā mea katoa

Ko te kaupapa nui i whakarerekē i te mutunga o ngā hikareti i puta i te tau 1880. Nā te hanga a James Bonsack i te mīhini hikareti ka taea te whakaputa rau hikareti ia meneti, engari ko ngā roera ā-ringa ka taea te whakaputa rau noa iho ia rā. Nā tēnei rerekētanga nui o te kaha whakaputa i tere ai te huri i ngā hikareti hei taonga utu nui, e wātea whānuitia ana, e tika ana mō te hoko i ngā tauine ahumahi.

I tere te mahi tahi a te whānau American Duke me Bonsac, i whakatūria ai ngā wheketere hikareti nunui i tere te wikitoria i te mākete o Amerika i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Nō muri mai, ka horapa haere ngā waitohu hikareti pērā i te harore i muri i te ua, ka hurihia ngā hikareti hei hua kaihoko hokohoko nui.

I muri iho i te tau 1880 ka tino uru mai ngā hikareti ki te "wā hou".

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Te Whanaketanga Anō o ngā Hikareti: Ngā Tātari, te Menthol, ngā Hikareti Māmā, me ngā Hikareti-E

Nā te whanaketanga ahumahi me te rangahau pūtaiao, i whakapaitia tonutia ngā hua hikareti. I puta tuatahi mai ngā hikareti tātari-pito i te tekau tau atu i 1920, ā, i tere te rongonui i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I whakatairangahia e ngā waitohu te hangarau tātari hei "hauora" me te "ma", ahakoa i muri mai ka kitea kāore i te whai kiko pūtaiao ēnei kereme.

I ngā tekau tau i muri mai ka kitea te whakaurunga mai o ngā hikareti menthol, ngā hikareti māmā, me ngā hikareti roa rawa hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia kanorau o ngā kaihoko. I te taenga mai o te rautau 21, ka puta ake ngā hikareti hiko me ngā hua tupeka wera-kaua-tahu hei whakatipuranga hou o ngā huarahi kē, ā, ka hoatu he momo hangarau hou ki te whanonga "momi hikareti".

I kai paipa te katoa i ngā wā o mua? He rerekē rawa te ahurea kai paipa i ngā wā katoa.

He maha ngā pātai a te tangata: "I momi hikareti te katoa i ngā tau 1920?" "He tino noa te momi hikareti i ngā tau 1940?"

Ko te mea pono, he tino teitei ngā reiti momi hikareti i ēnei wā, inā koa i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika. Nā ngā whetu o Hollywood, ngā pānuitanga ahua, me ngā kai a te ope taua i tino whakatairanga i te ahurea momi hikareti. Heoi, he whakanui noa iho te whakaaro "i momi hikareti te katoa"—ko ngā reiti momi hikareti a ngā pakeke i te nuinga o ngā whenua i tata ki te 40%, ehara i te 100%.

I mua, i kiia he hē te momi hikareti a ngā wāhine o te wā Wikitōria, ā, i te rautau 20 anake ka nui haere te whakamahinga. I tuhia hoki ngā tāngata rongonui o mua pērā i ngā rangatira o Peretānia he hunga momi hikareti, ā, ko ētahi kei te noho tonu hei kaupapa pārekareka mā te marea tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.

I ēnei rā, kua heke te nuinga o te hunga e momi hikareti ana, ahakoa kei ētahi whenua me ngā taiohi e whakaatu ana i te ia o te "aranga ake" e pā ana ki te ahotea hinengaro, te ahurea pāpāho pāpori, te hokohoko hikareti hiko, me ngā ia ahua.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Mai i te "Tāpiritanga Hauora" ki te Āhuatanga Hauora: Te Putanga Mai o te Mōhiotanga me te Whakahaere i ngā Mōrearea Hikareti

I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i pānuitia ngā hikareti hei "painga mō te hauora," me ētahi waitohu e kī ana ka "whakaora i te korokoro mamae." Tae noa ki te tekau tau atu i 1950, i te wā i whakatūria tuatahitia ai e ngā rangahau pūtaiao he hononga kaha i waenga i ngā hikareti me te mate pukupuku pūkahukahu, ka tīmata te ao ki te arotake anō i ngā tūponotanga o te kai hikareti. Whai muri i te tekau tau atu i 1960, ka whakatinanahia e ngā iwi ngā ture tino pakari, tae atu ki te aukati i ngā pānuitanga tupeka, ngā whakatūpato hauora ā-ture i runga i ngā takai, te whakapiki i ngā taake tupeka, me ngā here mō te kai hikareti i ngā wāhi tūmatanui.

Hei tauira, ko te aukati whānui a te UK i te momi hikareti o roto i ngā pae inu i te tau 2007 i tohu i tētahi huringa nui i roto i te haerenga a Ūropi ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui kore auahi.

I te whanaketanga o ngā ture, i rerekē haere ngā takai hikareti—mai i te aro nui ki te ahua o te waitohu ki ngā whakatūpato hauora, tae atu ki te tango i ngā takai papatahi paerewa i ētahi whenua.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Te Whanaketanga o te Takai Hikareti: Mai i ngā Takai Pepa Māmā ki te Wā Hou o ngā Kātene Tauwhiro

Ko ngā hikareti o mua i tākaihia ki roto i ngā takai pepa māmā, i ngā kēne whakarewa rānei, hei whakatutuki i ngā mahi taketake. I te aranga ake o ngā hikareti ahumahi, ka tīmata ngā waitohu ki te whakamahi i ngā takai pepa matatini hei whakatū i te mōhiotanga tirohanga. Nā ngā kātene kiato, pakari hoki i tiaki ngā hikareti i te wā e ngāwari ana te kawe, ā, ko ō rātou hoahoa tānga he taonga nui i roto i te whakataetae waitohu.

Nō muri mai, nā ngā ture hauora o te ao katoa i whakahau kia whakatakotoria ngā whakatūpato whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga nui ki runga i ngā takai, hei whakatairanga i te paerewa me te ōritetanga o te hoahoa hikareti.

I ngā tau tata nei, kua hiahiatia e ngā ture taiao i ētahi whenua te whakaiti i te whakamahinga kirihou, ā, kua akiakihia te umanga tupeka ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi pepa hangarua me ngā tukanga hangahanga e pai ana ki te taiao. Hei kaihanga tākai pepa ngaio, e hangai ana a Fuliter ki tēnei ia mā te whakarato i ngā otinga pouaka pepa pumau, kounga teitei, me te whakarite mō te kai, te tupeka, me ngā momo ahumahi FMCG.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Ngā Kōrero Tūturu: Ngā Rekoata Rerekē me ngā Kōrero Pono/Hē mō ngā Hikareti

Kī tonu te hītori i ngā kōrero whakamīharo mō ngā hikareti, pērā i te tuhinga "nā wai i momi hikareti 800 i te wā kotahi?"—ko te nuinga he wāhanga whakaari, he wāhanga whakanui rānei. Ko ngā kōrero pērā i "te kaipaipa tawhito rawa atu o te ao" e whakamahia ana hei whakapohehe i te marea—ko te mea pono, ko te noho o ētahi kaipaipa roa te ora kāore e whakarerekē i te whakaae pūtaiao he nui ngā tūponotanga hauora kei te momi hikareti.

Ahakoa te korenga o ngā painga pūtaiao, e whakaata ana ēnei kōrero i te tūranga ahurea ahurei o te tupeka, ā, e whakaatu ana hoki i te hiahia me te tautohetohe a te marea mō te hua.

Nōnahea i hangaia ai ngā hikareti?Whakarāpopototanga: Te Whanaketanga Katoa o ngā Hikareti—Mai i ngā Taonga Kawa o Mua ki ngā Taonga Whakahē o ēnei Rā

Mā te arotake i te hītori o ngā hikareti, ka kitea kāore i te noho hei hua pumau. Engari, kua whanake tonu i te taha o te horapa ahurea, ngā auahatanga hangarau, ngā pakanga, ngā pānuitanga, me ngā whanaketanga pūtaiao. Mai i ngā tipu tapu i Amerika onamata ki ngā hikareti ā-ringa a ngā hōia o te rautau 19, te hurihanga ahumahi i kawea mai e te mīhini hikareti Bonsack, me te whanaketanga o ngā pito tātari, ngā hikareti māmā, ngā hikareti menthol, me ngā hikareti hiko o ēnei rā, kua huri tonu ngā tikanga kai tupeka a te tangata.

Mā te mārama ki te hītori o te hikareti, ka whakamāramahia te pānga ahurea o te ao, ā, ka whakaatuhia hoki te hiranga o ngā mōrearea me ngā ture hauora. I roto i te umanga takai hou, kua noho te takai hei wāhanga nui o te rāngai tupeka—mai i te whiriwhiri rauemi me te hoahoa tānga ki ngā whakatūpato hauora me ngā kaupapa oranga tonutanga.

Mena kei te hiahia koe i ētahi atu kōrero mō ngā takai pepa tauwhiro, ngā pouaka kai ritenga, ngā hua e pā ana rānei, tirohia te rārangi hua a Fuliter. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he otinga takai kounga teitei e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao.

Ngā Tohu: #pouaka takai ritenga #pouaka mōkihi #pouaka takai tino ataahua