Ko te whakamahi tupeka tonu te tino take o ngā mate me ngā mate ka taea te ārai i Kanata. I te tau 2017, neke atu i te 47,000 ngā mate i puta mai i te whakamahi tupeka i Kanata, me te tata ki te $6.1 piriona te utu tiaki hauora tika me te $12.3 piriona te utu katoa.1 I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2019, i whai mana ngā ture mō te takai noa mō ngā hua tupeka hei wāhanga o te Rautaki Tupeka a Kanata, e whai ana kia tutuki i te whāinga kia iti iho i te 5% te whakamahinga tupeka i te tau 2035.
Kua piki haere te maha o ngā whenua o te ao e whakamahi ana i ngā takai papatahi. Mai i te Hōngongoi 2020, kua whakamahia ngā takai papatahiKānatatakai hikaretikua whakatinanahia katoatia i te taumata kaihanga me te taumata hokohoko i roto i ngā whenua 14: Ahitereiria (2012); Parani me te United Kingdom (2017); Aotearoa, Nōwei, me Airana (2018); Uruguay, me Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iharaira, me Horowenia (Hanuere 2020); Kanata (Hui-tanguru 2020); me Singapore (Hōngongoi 2020). Hei te Hanuere 2022, kua whakatinanahia katoatia e Belgium, Hungary, me Netherlands te takai noa.
E whakarapopoto ana tēnei pūrongo i ngā taunakitanga mai i te Kaupapa Aromatawai Kaupapa Here Whakahaere Tupeka o te Ao (ITC) mō te whai huatanga o te takai ma i Kanata. Mai i te tau 2002, kua whakahaerehia e te Kaupapa ITC ngā rangahau roa i roto i ngā whenua 29 hei aromatawai i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here matua mō te whakahaere tupeka o te World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tubacco Control (WHO FCTC). E whakaatu ana tēnei pūrongo i ngā kitenga mō te pānga o te takai ma i Kanata i runga i ngā raraunga i kohia mai i ngā kaipaipa pakeke i mua (2018) me muri (2020) i te whakaurunga o te takai ma.Kānatatakai hikaretiKa whakaaturia hoki ngā raraunga mai i Kanata i roto i te horopaki me ngā raraunga mai i te 25 atu whenua o te Kaupapa ITC — tae atu ki Ahitereiria, Ingarangi, Wīwī, me Aotearoa, kua whakatinanahia hoki te takai noa.
Nā te takai noa i tino whakaiti i te ataahua o te kete — 45% o ngā kaipaipa i kore e pai ki te āhua o tā rātou kete hikareti i muri i te takai noaKānata takai hikaretii whakaurua mai, ki te whakataurite ki te 29% i mua i te ture Unlik I whakaritea tēnei pūrongo e te Kaupapa ITC i Te Whare Wānanga o Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, me Geoffrey T. Fong. E mihi ana mātou ki ngā kōrero a Cynthia Callard, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; me Francis Thompson, HealthBridge mō ngā tauira o tēnei pūrongo. Nā Sonya Lyon o Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc te hoahoa whakairoiro me te tahora i whakarato. Ngā mihi ki a Brigitte Meloche mō te whakarato ratonga whakamāori Wīwī; me Nadia Martin, Kaupapa ITC mō te arotake me te whakatika whakamāori Wīwī. Nā te Kaupapa Whakamahinga me te Waranga a Health Canada (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058 i whakarato te pūtea mō tēnei pūrongo. Kāore ngā tirohanga i whakapuakina i konei e whakaatu ana i ngā tirohanga a Health Canada.
I tautokona te Rangahau Auahi me te Vaping a te ITC Four Country e ngā putea tautoko mai i te US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), ngā Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), me te National Health and Medical Research Council o Ahitereiria (APP 1106451). I whakaratohia he tautoko tāpiri ki a Geoffrey T. Fong e te Tahua Kairangahau Matua mai i te Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Kei raro i te Ture mō ngā Hua Tupeka me te Vaping (TVPA)4 te mana whakahaere mō te takai tupeka kore utu (e mōhiotia ana ko te takai paerewa), ā, i whakaaetia ngā whakatikatika i te 23 o Mei, 2018 hei anga ture hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga nui o te mate me te mate e pā ana ki te tupeka i Kanata.Kānatatakai hikaretiKo tōna whāinga he whakaiti i te rongonui o ngā hua tupeka, ā, i whakaurua i raro i ngā Ture Hua Tupeka 2019 (Te Āhua Noa me te Āhua Paerewa)5 hei tētahi o ngā kaupapa here whānui hei āwhina i te whakatutuki i te whāinga o te iti iho i te 5% o te whakamahinga tupeka i te tau 2035 i raro i te Rautaki Tupeka a Kanata.
E pā ana ngā ture ki ngā takai o ngā hua tupeka katoa, tae atu ki ngā hikareti hanga, ngā hua rōra (tupeka wetewete, ngā ngongo me ngā pepa rōra e whakamahia ana mō te tupeka), ngā hikā me ngā hikā iti, te tupeka paipa, te tupeka kore auahi, me ngā hua tupeka wera. Kāore ngā hikareti hiko/hua vaping e hipokina ana e ēnei ture, nā te mea kāore i te whakarōpūtia hei hua tupeka i raro i te TVPA.
4 I whai mana ngā takai noa mō ngā hikareti, ngā hikā iti, ngā hua tupeka i hangaia mō te whakamahi me ngā taputapu, me ngā hua tupeka katoa i te taumata kaihanga/kawemai i te 9 o Noema, 2019, me te wā whakawhiti 90-rā mō ngā kaihokohoko tupeka kia tutuki ai i mua i te 7 o Pēpuere, 2020. I whai mana ngā takai noa mō ngā hikā i te taumata kaihanga/kawemai i te 9 o Noema, 2020, me te wā whakawhiti 180-rā mō ngā kaihokohoko tupeka kia tutuki ai i mua i te 8 o Mei, 2021.5, 8
Kānata takai hikaretiKua kiia ngā ture ko ngā ture whānui rawa atu o te ao, ā, kua whakatakotohia he maha ngā tauira o te ao (tirohia te Pouaka 1). Me whai tae parauri mangu paerewa ngā kete hua tupeka katoa, kāore he āhuatanga motuhake, ātaahua hoki, me te whakaatu i ngā tuhinga kua whakaaetia i roto i te wāhi paerewa, te momotuhi, te tae, me te rahi. Kāore e taea e ngā rākau hikareti te neke ake i ngā ine kua tohua mō te whānui me te roa; me whai waitohu; ā, me papatahi te pito o te tātari, ā, kāore e taea te whai kōhao.Kānata takai hikaretika whakapūmautia ki te whakatakotoranga kiriata me te anga i te taumata kaihanga/kaikawemai mai i te 9 o Noema, 2021 (tae noa ki te 7 o Pēpuere, 2022 te wā e whai mana ai ngā kaihokohoko ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga), ā, ka āraia ngā putea he whakatuwheratanga huripoki. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i te takai kiriata me te anga me te papatahiKānata takai hikareti te wāhi e whakaatuhia ai he karere mōhiohio hauora i te tuara o roto o te takai ina whakatuwheratia te kete. Ko Kanata te whenua tuatahi o te ao ki te tono i ngā takai reti me te anga, Ā, koia hoki te whenua tuatahi ki te tono karere hauora o roto.
Kānatatakai hikaretiKo ngā ture te mea tino kaha o te ao, ā, ko te tuatahi ki te:
• Āraia te whakamahinga o ngā tohu tae i roto i ngā waitohu me ngā ingoa rerekē katoa
• Me whai whakatakotoranga takai kiriata me te anga mō ngā hikareti
• Me whakamahi he tae parauri mangu ki roto i te takai
• Āraia ngā hikareti roa atu i te 85mm
• Āraia ngā hikareti iti iho i te 7.65mm te whānui
Ngā tauira o te ao i whakatakotoria e ngā ture tākai noa o Kanata
Kāore a Kanata i whakatinana i ngā whakatūpato hauora pikitia hou, nui ake rānei (PHW) ki runga i ngā kete hikareti me ngā ture mō te takai noa, e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a ētahi atu whenua tae atu ki Ahitereiria, te United Kingdom, Wīwī, me Aotearoa. Heoi,Te putea hikareti o KanataKo ngā whakatūpato (75% o mua me muri) te mea nui rawa atu i te ao e pā ana ki te horahanga mata katoa ina whai mana te whakatakotoranga reti me te anga whakahau i te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2021. Kei te whakaoti a Health Canada i ngā mahere ki te whakatinana i ētahi huinga whakatūpato hauora hou mō ngā hua tupeka me huri i muri i tētahi wā kua tohua.9 E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i te rārangi wā ki ngā takai papatahi i Kanata e pā ana ki ngā Rangahau Auahi me te Vaping a ITC Four Country, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga mō tēnei pūrongo.
E whakaatu ana tēnei pūrongo i ngā raraunga mai i te ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te whakatinanatanga katoa o te takai noa i te taumata hokohoko i te 7 o Pēpuere, 2020. Ko te ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, he wāhanga o te ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey nui ake, i whakahaerehia ngātahitia me ngā rangahau rōpū i te United States, Ahitereiria, me Ingarangi, he rangahau rōpū i whakahaerehia i waenga i ngā kaipaipa pakeke me ngā kaipaipa vape i tohua mai i ngā panui tukutuku ā-motu i ia whenua. I roto i te rangahau ipurangi 45-meneti te roa, i whakaurua ngā pātai e pā ana ki te aromatawai i te takai noa, kua whakamahia e te Kaupapa ITC hei aromatawai i te takai noa i Ahitereiria, Ingarangi, Aotearoa, me Parani. I whakahaerehia te Rangahau Auahi me te Vaping a te ITC Canada i roto i tētahi tauira ā-motu o te 4600 kaipaipa pakeke i whakaoti i ngā rangahau i te tau 2018 (i mua i te takai noa), i te tau 2020 (i muri i te takai noa), i ngā tau e rua rānei. Ka whakaritea ngā raraunga roa mai i Kanata ki ngā raraunga mai i ētahi atu whenua ITC e rua (Ahitereiria me te Hononga o Amerika) i reira i whakahaerehia ai ngā rangahau rite i roto i te wā kotahi, ā, he rerekē te āhua o ā rātou ture takai tupeka me ngā whakaritenga mō ngā huringa i roto i ngā PHW (tirohia te Ripanga 1).i Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā kaiwhakautu rangahau i Kanata, Ahitereiria, me te Hononga o Amerika kua whakarāpopototia ki te Ripanga 2. E whakaatu ana hoki te pūrongo i ngā whakatauritenga whakawhiti-whenua o ngā raraunga mō ngā mehua hua pānga kaupapa here kua tohua i Kanata me te 25 atu whenua ITC.ii
Kei roto i te ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey ngā taipitopito katoa mō ngā tikanga tauira me ngā tikanga rangahau i ia whenua.
ngā pūrongo hangarau, e wātea ana i:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Kua whakaputa kē te Kaupapa ITC i ngā pūrongo mō te pānga o te takai papatahi ki Aotearoa18 me Ingarangi19. Ka whakaatuhia e ngā pepa pūtaiao ITC ā muri ake nei ngā tātaritanga whānui ake mō te pānga o te takai papatahi ki Kanata me ētahi atu whenua, me ngā whakatairite i te pānga kaupapa here puta noa i te huinga katoa o ngā whenua ITC kua whakatinana i te takai papatahi.Kānatate takai hikareti.Ko ngā rerekētanga iti i waenga i ngā hua i pūrongohia mō Kanata i roto i ngā pepa pūtaiao e haere ake nei me ngā hua i pūrongohia i roto i tēnei tuhinga i ahu mai i ngā rerekētanga o ngā tikanga whakatikatika tatauranga, engari kāore e whakarerekē i te tauira whānui o ngā kitenga.ii.
Tērā pea he rerekē ngā hua o te tau 2020 mō Kanata i whakaaturia i roto i ngā tatauranga whakawhiti-whenua mai i ngā hua o te tau 2020 i roto i ngā tatauranga roa e whakaaturia ana i roto i tēnei pūrongo nā te mea he rerekē ngā tikanga whakatikatika tatauranga mō ia momo tātari.iii
I te wā o te aromatawai i ngā takai ma i Kanata, ko te nuinga o ngā takai ma i te hokohoko he whakatakotoranga pekepeke, me te whakatakotoranga reti me te anga e wātea ana mō te iti noa o ngā waitohu. Ko tētahi o ngā whāinga matua o te takai ma ko te whakaiti i te ataahua me te ātaahua o ngā hua tupeka.
Kua whakaatuhia tonutia e ngā rangahau i mahia i roto i ngā whenua rerekē he iti ake te aro o ngā kaipaipa ki ngā kete hikareti noa i ngā kete waitohu.12-16
I whakaatuhia e te Rangahau ITC he pikinga nui o te ōrau o ngā kaipaipa o Kanata i kite i tā rātou kete hikareti "kāore i te tino ātaahua" i muri i te whakatinanatanga o Kānatatakai hikareti.He rerekē tēnei hekenga nui o te rongonui ki ngā whenua e rua i whakaritea—Ahitereiria me te US—i reira kāore he huringa o te ōrau o ngā kaipaipa i kite "kāore i te tino pai" ā rātou kete hikareti.
I piki ake te ōrau o ngā kaipaipa i kī kāore rātou i pai ki te āhua o ā rātou kete hikareti i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te takai noa i Kanata (mai i te 29% i te tau 2018 ki te 45% i te tau 2020). Ko te iti rawa o te rongonui o ngā kete i Ahitereiria (i te wā i whakatinanahia ai te takai noa me ngā PHW nui ake i te tau 2012), me te neke atu i te rua hautoru o ngā kaipaipa i kī kāore rātou i pai ki te āhua o ā rātou kete i te tau 2018 (71%) me te 2020 (69%). He rerekē, ko te ōrau o ngā kaipaipa i kī kāore rātou i pai ki te āhua o ā rātou kete kei te iti tonu i te US (9% i te tau 2018 me te 12% i te tau 2020), i te wā he tuhinga anake ngā whakatūpato, ā, kāore anō kia whakatinanahia te takai noa (tirohia te Pikitia 3).
He rite tonu ēnei hua ki ngā kitenga o mua o te Kaupapa ITC e whakaatu ana i te pikinga o te ōwehenga o ngā kaipaipa kāore i pai ki te āhua o ā rātou putea i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te takai noa i Ahitereiria (mai i te 44% i te tau 2012 ki te 82% i te tau 2013)17, Aotearoa (mai i te 50% i te tau 2016-17 ki te 75% i te tau 2018)18, me Ingarangi (mai i te 16% i te tau 2016 ki te 53% i te tau 2018).19
Ka tāpiri atu hoki ngā kitenga o nāianei ki ngā taunakitanga mai i ngā rangahau kua whakaputaina e whakaatu ana i ngā whakahekenga nui o te rongonui o ngā kete i muri i te whakatinanatanga o ngā kete papatahi me ngā PHW nui ake i Ahitereiria20, 21 me te pānga pai oKānatatakai hikaretimō te whakaiti i te kukume i ngā pēke, i tua atu i te whakanui ake i te rahi o ngā PHW i Ingarangi.22
Ko tētahi atu rangahau hou e aromatawai ana i te pānga o te takai noa i te United Kingdom me Norway mā te whakamahi i ngā mehua rangahau ITC kua whakapumautia e whakarato ana i ētahi atu taunakitanga ko te whakatinanatanga o te takai noa me ngā PHW nui ake ka whakarei ake i te hiranga me te whai huatanga o te whakatūpato ki tua atu i te mea ka taea te whakatutuki mā te whakatinana i te takai noa me te kore e whakarerekē i ngā whakatūpato hauora. I mua i te whakatinanatanga o te takai noa, he rite tonu ngā whakatūpato hauora i runga i ngā kete hikareti o ngā whenua e rua (43% whakatūpato tuhinga i mua, 53% PHW i muri).
Whai muri i te whakatinanatanga o ngā takai papatahi me ngā PHW nunui hou (65% o mua me muri) i te United Kingdom, i kitea he pikinga nui o te hunga kaipaipa e mātakitaki ana, e pānui ana, e whakaaro ana ki ngā whakatūpato, e whakaaro ana ki ngā tūponotanga hauora o te kaipaipa, ngā whanonga karo, te whakarērea o ngā hikareti, me te nui ake o te tūponotanga ka mutu te kaipaipa nā ngā whakatūpato.
He rerekē, he nui te hekenga o te aro, te pānui, me te tirotiro tata ki ngā whakatūpato, te whakaaro ki ngā tūponotanga hauora o te momi hikareti, ā, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka mutu te momi hikareti nā ngā whakatūpato i waenga i ngā kaipaipa i Nōwei, i reira i whakatinanahia ai te takai noa me te kore he huringa ki ngā whakatūpato hauora.23 Ko te rerekētanga o ngā hua i kitea i te United Kingdom ki te whakataurite ki Nōwei e whakaatu anaKānata takai hikaretika whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o ngā whakatūpato pikitia nui hou, engari kāore e taea te whakanui ake i te pānga o ngā whakatūpato tuhinga/pikitia tawhito
Wā tuku: Pipiri-15-2024