Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te tikanga o te takai
1. Te whakamāramatanga o te takai
I roto i te paerewa ā-motu Hainamana GB/T41221-1996, ko te whakamāramatanga o te takai ko: te ingoa whānui o ngā ipu, ngā rauemi me ngā rauemi āwhina e whakamahia ana i runga i ētahi tikanga hangarau hei tiaki i ngā hua i roto i te tukanga tohatoha, hei whakahaere i te rokiroki me te kawe, hei whakatairanga hoki i te hoko. E pā ana hoki ki ngā mahi whakahaere e whakamahia ai ētahi tikanga hangarau i roto i te tukanga whakamahi i ngā ipu, ngā rauemi me ngā āwhina hei whakatutuki i ngā kaupapa o runga ake nei.
Kia mārama ki te tikanga o te takai hua, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga e rua o te tikanga: i te taha kotahi e pā ana ki te ipu kei roto te hua, e kiia ana he takai, pērā i ngā putea, ngā pouaka, ngā peere, ngā kete, ngā pounamu, me ētahi atu; i tetahi atu taha, e pā ana ki te tukanga o te takai i ngā hua, pērā i te tākai, te takai, me ētahi atu.
E rua ngā āhuatanga o te takai hua, pērā i te ngohengohe me te taonga. He tāpiri te takai ki ōna ihirangi; he tāpiri te takai..Pērā i te pouaka pupuri hikareti, te pouaka pouaka hikareti, te pouaka hikareti kau, te pouaka hikareti kau, te ritengangā pouaka i mua i te hurihanga, ritengangā pouaka i mua i te hurihanga, he hua hokohoko wera.
He hua motuhake kei roto i ngā ihirangi, he uara me te uara whakamahi; I te wa ano, he huarahi nui hoki ki te mohio ki te uara o ngā hua o roto me te uara whakamahi.
Te whakaputanga o te takai
E whakaponohia whānuitia ana ko te takai he mea hono ki ngā hua, ā, he huarahi nui tēnei hei whakatutuki i te uara me te uara whakamahi o te hua. Nō reira, me tatau te hanga takai mai i te tīmatanga o te whakawhitiwhiti hua i roto i te hapori tangata. I taua wā anō, he hononga tata hoki te hanganga o te takai ki te whanaketanga o te tohatoha hua. Ka taea te wehewehe i te hanganga o te takai kia toru ngā wāhanga.
1. Te wāhanga tākai tuatahi
I te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o te whakaputa hua, whai muri i te putanga mai o te whakawhitiwhiti hua, kia pai ai te rere o ngā hua, ko te mea tuatahi e hiahiatia ana ko te kawe me te rokiroki hua, arā, kia tu atu te hua i te nekehanga o te wāhi me te roanga o te wā. Nō reira, kua whakawhanakehia te takai hei tiaki i ngā hua. I tēnei wā, ko te takai te tikanga e pā ana ki te takai tuatahi, arā, hei whakaoti i te mahi o te takai kawe wāhanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā ipu takai tuatahi pērā i ngā pouaka, ngā peere, ngā kete, me ngā kete. Nā te mea kāore he takai iti, me tohatoha te hua ki te hokohoko.
2. Wāhanga whanaketanga takai
I tēnei wā, ehara i te mea ko ngā takai kawe anake, engari ko ngā takai iti anō hoki he wāhi nui ki te kawe i te ataahua. I te whanaketanga o te ōhanga taonga, kua piki haere te maha o ngā hua, ā, he rerekē te kounga me te tae o ngā hua e hangaia ana e ngā umanga rerekē. I te tīmatanga, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā āhuatanga o te hua hei wehewehe i ngā hua o ngā umanga, kātahi ka whakamahia haeretia ngā takai iti hei kawe i ēnei mōhiohio. I te whakataetae nui o te mākete, ka whai wāhi ngā takai iti ki te whakapaipai me te whakatairanga i ngā hua. I tēnei wā, ko ngā takai kawe tonu te mahi tiaki, ko ngā takai iti ia te mahi nui ki te wehewehe i ngā hua, ki te whakapaipai me te whakatairanga i ngā hua. Nā te iti o te takai, kāore e hiahiatia kia tohatohahia te hua ki te hokohoko, engari me whakauru tonu te hua me te whakatairanga e te kaihoko.
Nā te putanga mai o ngā hoko hūpāmakete kua panaia ngā takai ki tētahi taumata whanaketanga teitei ake. 3. Kua noho te takai hoko hei wāhanga hokohoko puku o te hua ki te ahunga whakawhiti takai hoko, kua tino noho te takai hoko hei wāhanga nui o te hua, kua noho hei huarahi nui ki te rapu hinu tāpiri, kei te tipu haere hoki te mahi takai hoko i roto i te whakaputanga hoko me te kai. I taua wā anō, kua whanake hoki te takai kawe mai i te tiakitanga māmā ki te ahunga me pēhea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere kawe.
Ko te whanaketanga o te takai ki te taumata o nāianei e kiia ana ko te takai hou. I roto i te hanga hua hou, kei te kitea haere te whakawhirinaki o ngā hua ki te takai, i roto i ngā mara whakaputa katoa, te tohatoha, te hoko me te kai me whai taputapu - he uaua ki te hanga i tētahi porowhita pai o te hanga pāpori ki te kore takai. Nō reira, ahakoa te piki haere o te momo takai hou, ka piki ake te mahi me te ōwehenga o te pikinga utu, he taputapu tonu te takai o te hua o roto, ā, ka whakawhāitihia te whanaketanga o te takai e te hua, ko ngā āhuatanga o te hua o roto me tōna huringa te mea tino nui e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te takai. Hei tāpiri, kei te kitea haere te hokohoko o te takai i roto i te hanga hua hou. E whakaatu ana tēnei kua whanake te takai tae noa ki tēnei wā, ahakoa kua piki ake te whakawhirinaki o ngā hua ki te takai, kua heke te whakawhirinaki o te hanga takai ki te hanga hua, ā, kua piki ake tōna tū motuhake.
I tēnei wā, kua riro te hanga tākai hei tētahi o ngā rāngai ahumahi nui. I roto i ngā ahumahi nui e 40 o te motu, ko te umanga tākai kei te tekau mā rua o ngā tūranga. Ko te tākai, pērā i ētahi atu hua mahi e tika ana mō te hapori, he āhua taonga, ā, kua noho hei kaupapa hokohoko i waenga i ngā tari. Ko te ariā o te tākai hou e whakaata ana i te āhua taonga, ngā tikanga me ngā mahi whakaputa o te tākai. Kei roto i te uara o te hua te uara o te tākai, e kore e utua anake ina hokona te hua, engari ka utua nuitia hoki mō ngā take tuku me te tono o te mākete. Ka taea e te tākai kounga teitei te kawe mai i ngā painga ōhanga nui. He wāhanga nui te tākai o te hanga hua, ko te nuinga o ngā hua i muri i te tākai anake, kia oti ai tana tukanga whakaputa, kia uru atu ai ki te mara tohatoha me te kai. I roto i te mara o te hangarau tākai, i te nuinga o te wā, ka taea e te hua me te tākai te hanga hua whakataetae. Ko te tākai e hangai ana ki tētahi maha o ngā hua, ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhua me ngā tikanga rokiroki me te kawe me ngā hiahia hoko, te whakamahi i ngā rauemi tākai me ngā tikanga hangarau motuhake, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga hoahoa hei hanga i te huinga o te tauira me te whakapaipai o te hinonga, me ngā āhuatanga rua o te toi me te hangarau, me te āhua, te rōrahi, te taumata, te pono me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Mai i te tirohanga hanganga ā-tinana, me whakamahi ngā rauemi tākai katoa i tētahi momo tākai, mā te hangarau hanga tākai, he āhua motuhake, he āhua motuhake, he whakapaipai āhua motuhake. Nō reira, ko ngā rauemi tākai, ko ngā tikanga tākai, ko te whakatauira hanganga tākai me te uta mata ngā mea e whā e hanga ana i te hinonga tākai. Ko te rauemi tākai te pūtake rauemi o te tākai, ko te kawe rauemi o te mahi tākai. Ko te hangarau tākai te mea nui hei whakatutuki i te mahi tiaki tākai me te whakarite i te kounga o ngā hua o roto. Ko te whakatauira hanganga tākai te āhua motuhake o ngā rauemi tākai me te hangarau tākai. Ko te whakapaipai tākai te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea e whā mā te whakapaipai pikitia me te tuhinga, te whakatairanga me te whakauru i ngā huarahi matua o te hua, me te hiahia kia tino tika te hoahoa, mā tēnei anake ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia mākete o te hinonga tākai.
Tuatoru, te mahi a te takai
Ko te mahi a te takai ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1. Tiakina te hua
Ko te tiaki i te hua tētahi o ngā mahi tino nui o te takai. I roto i te tukanga tohatoha, ka pāngia pea ngā hua e ngā āhuatanga o waho, ka hua ake he parahanga hua, he pakaru, he turuturu, he pirau rānei, ā, ka whakaitihia, ka ngaro rānei te uara o te whakamahinga o ngā hua. Mā te takai pūtaiao me te whaitake ka taea e te hua te ātete i ngā kino o ngā āhuatanga o waho, kia tiakina ai te mahi a te hua, kia mau ai te kounga me te nui o te hua.Pērāmīhini huri paowa,pouaka hikareti,pouaka hononga,pouaka hikareti.
2. Whakangāwari i te tohatoha o ngā hua
Mā te takai ka whakaratohia ngā āhuatanga taketake me te ngāwari mō te tohatoha o ngā hua. Ka takaihia te hua kia rite ki tētahi whakatakotoranga, āhua, rahinga, rahi me ngā ipu rerekē, ā, ko te taha waho o te takai he maha ngā tohu e tāia ana, e whakaata ana i ngā whakatakotoranga o te ingoa hua kua takaihia, te rahinga, te tae me te taumaha kupenga katoa o te takai, te taumaha katoa, te rōrahi, te ingoa wheketere, te wāhitau wheketere me ngā mahi whakatūpato i roto i te rokiroki me te kawe, e whai hua ana ki te tohatoha hua, te tatau me te tatau. He pai hoki mō te whakamahi tika i ngā momo huarahi kawe me te rokiroki, te whakapai ake i te uta me te tango, te kawe, te pai o te tāpae me ngā pānga rokiroki me te kawe, te tere ake o te rere o ngā hua, me te whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga o te tohatoha hua.
3. Te whakatairanga me te whakawhānui i ngā hoko hua Ka taea e te takai hua ataahua te whai wāhi ki te whakatairanga i ngā hua, te whakapaipai i ngā hua me te whakatairanga i ngā hoko. Ehara i te mea ka taea e te takai te whakapai ake i te whakataetae mākete o ngā hua anake, engari ka taea hoki te kukume i ngā kiritaki me tōna ataahua toi hou me te ahurei, te ārahi i te kai, ka noho hei take matua ki te whakatairanga i te hoko a te kiritaki, ko ia te kaihoko puku o ngā hua. He mea nui te takai kounga teitei ki te whakapai ake i te kaha whakataetae o ngā hua kaweake, te whakawhānui ake i ngā kaweake me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te hokohoko ki tāwāhi.
4. He watea mō ngā kaihoko ki te whakamahi
He rerekē ngā momo takai hoko, he rerekē ngā āhua, he tika te rahi o te kete, he māmā ki te whakamahi, ki te tiaki me te kawe mā ngā kaihoko. He watea te tuhi, te tohu hokohoko me te whakaahuatanga tuhinga i runga i te kete mā ngā kaihoko ki te tautuhi, me te whakaatu hoki i te āhua me te hanganga o te hua, te whakamahinga, te whakamahinga me ngā tikanga rokiroki, he mea watea, he mea ārahi hoki i te kai.
5. Penapena moni
He hononga tata te takai ki te utu whakaputa. Mā te takai whaitake ka taea te whakauru i ngā hua marara ki roto i ngā momo āhua, ka nui ake te whakapai ake i te kaha uta me te watea o te uta me te tango i ngā waka, ka taea hoki te penapena i ngā utu kawe, ngā utu rokiroki me ētahi atu whakapaunga. Ka taea hoki te hangarua i ētahi ipu takai i ngā wā maha, ka penapena i te hanga rauemi takai me ngā ipu takai, ka whai hua ki te whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga.
I roto i te poto, ko ngā mahi matua o te takai hua ko: te mahi tiaki, te mahi whakamarie, te mahi whakatairanga me te mahi whakaatu.
Tuawhā, te hanganga o te mōkihi
Te whakamāramatanga o te takai: Ko te takai e pā ana ki te hanganga whānui o te hua i muri i te takai, arā, te kupu whānui o te takai me ngā hua. E toru ngā wāhanga o te tikanga: te hua, te takai o roto, me te takai o waho.
E waru ngā wāhanga o ngā takai noa, arā: ngā wāhanga pupuri, ngā wāhanga pūmau, ngā wāhanga whakahaere, ngā wāhanga ārai, ngā wāhanga tiaki mata, ngā wāhanga ārai-pirau, ngā wāhanga hiri me te mata whakaatu. Kāore e tika ana kia whakaurua katoatia ngā mea o runga ake nei ki roto i ngā takai noa.
E rima, ngā whakaritenga taketake o te tākai
Āwhina i te tiriti, marino te ranu whakapaipai maihao aroha whaea
1. Hei urutau ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua, me hangai te takai o te hua ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau e rite ana, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te hua.
2. Whakarerekētia ki ngā āhuatanga o te tohanga toto
Hei whakarite i te haumaru o te hua i roto i te tukanga tohatoha katoa, me whai kaha, me pakari, me pakari hoki te takai hua. Mō ngā momo kawe me ngā momo huarahi kawe rerekē, me whiriwhiri hoki ngā ipu takai me te maimoatanga hangarau e tika ana. I roto i te poto, me urutau te takai katoa ki ngā āhuatanga rokiroki me te kawe me ngā whakaritenga kaha i roto i te mara tohatoha.
3, me tika, me taurite hoki te takai
Mō ngā takai hoko, me tika te rahi o te ipu takai me te hua o roto, ā, me rite te utu takai ki ngā hiahia tuturu o te hua o roto. He kino ki ngā kaihoko te nui rawa o te wāhi e rahuitia ana, ā, he nui rawa ngā utu takai e nui rawa ana i roto i te uara katoa o te hua.
Me whakapūmau te takai hua, me whakakotahi te taumaha o te takai, ngā whakaritenga me ngā rahi, te tauira hanganga, ngā rauemi takai, ngā kupu, ngā tohu tā, ngā tikanga takai, me ētahi atu o te takai hua, ā, me āta hanga he raupapa me te whakawhanui kia 4. He pai te whakapūmau ki te hanga ipu takai, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te hanga takai, te whakangawari i ngā whakaritenga o ngā ipu takai, te whakaiti i ngā utu, te penapena rauemi mata, te whakahaere i te tautuhi me te ine, me te āwhina ki te whakarite i te kounga o te takai hua me te haumaru o te hua.
Ngā painga, te kai tinihanga o te "takai nui rawa".
E rua ngā āhuatanga o ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao me te tiaki matomato o ngā takai hua: Tuatahi, te whiriwhiri i ngā ipu takai, ngā rauemi, te hangarau 5. Me matomato te takai hua, ā, me haumaru, me akuaku hoki te tiaki taiao mō te hua me te kaihoko. Tuarua, me haumaru, me matomato hoki ngā tikanga takai me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana mō te taiao. I te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi takai me te whakaputa, me whai tātou i ngā mātāpono o te whanaketanga tauwhiro, te penapena pūngao, te iti o te kai, te mahi nui, te aukati i te parahanga, te hangarua tauwhiro, te pirau haumaru rānei i muri i te para.
6. Ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō te takai
1. Te ariā o te hangarau tākai Ko te hangarau tākai hua e pā ana ki ngā mahi hangarau e mahia ana hei ārai i ngā āhuatanga o roto, o waho hoki e pā ana ki te kounga hei ārai i te ngaronga o ngā huringa rahinga me te kounga i roto i te mara o te tohatoha hua, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā tikanga tiaki tākai hua. 2. Ngā whakaritenga o te hangarau tākai hua.
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-roto, ā-waho hoki e pā ana ki te huringa o te kounga o te hua ka wehea ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ā-koiora me ētahi atu. Ko te hangarau tiaki tākai hua ko ngā mahi ārai motuhake e mahia ana mō ngā āhuatanga ā-roto, ā-waho hoki kua whakahuatia ake nei e pā ana ki te kounga o te hua.
7. Te kounga o te hua me te takai
E ai ki te kīanga: "He pai ngā putiputi whero, engari he pai ngā rau kakariki." Ko te kounga o te hua me te takai, pērā i te kounga o ngā hua putiputi rākau me te rau kakariki te mea nui, kāore te iwi e hiahia ki te hoko takai hei hoko hua.
"Engari kaua e warewarehia te takai. Ehara i te mea ka taea e te takai pai te tiaki i te hua anake, te ngāwari ki te hoko me te kawe, te whakapaipai i te hua hei whakapiki i te uara, te whakaoho i te hiahia o ngā kaihoko ki te hoko, engari ka takaro hoki i te tūranga o te kaihoko puku. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake te hoahoa pūnaha takai pai i te uara tāpiri o ngā hua anake, engari he momo toi anō hoki. Ina he kounga teitei te hua, engari kāore i te pai te takai, ka puhoi hoki te hoko, i tēnei wā, ka piki ake te takai o te hua ki te taha matua. Hei tauira, i mua i kaweake a Haina i ngā pounamu iti o te pia Qingdao ki te United States, he tino teitei ngā rauemi mata me te tukanga, he mārama te tae o te waina, he pai, he parakore te pahuka, ā, he ngawari te waha, ā, 100% te utu o te pia waha o tāwāhi, kāore i te iti iho. Engari he noa te kounga o ngā pounamu pia Tsingtao. Nō reira, kua puhoi te whakatuwhera i tētahi mākete whānui. Kei te karanga ētahi Hainamana o tāwāhi i te US kia hoatu he kākahu hou pai ki a Tsingtao."
Heoi, i te mārama ki te hiranga o te takai, ka whakamahia e ētahi kamupene te takai hei huna i te kounga iti o ngā hua. Me karo ngā kaihoahoa takai i ngā āhuatanga tino kino e rua.
Wā tuku: 28 o Ākuhata-2023