E mārama ana te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen ko te tākai e pā ana ki te tukanga whakanoho taonga ki roto i ngā ipu tika, ngā putea tākai, ngā kātene, ngā pounamu, me ētahi atu, me te whai kia maha ngā kaupapa e tutuki ai.pouaka hikareti tarukino pērā i te tiaki, te kawe, te whakaatu, me te hoko. Ko te mahi matua o te takai he whakarite i te pono me te haumaru o ngā hua, me te karo i te pakaru, te pirau rānei i te wā e kawe ana me te rokiroki ana. I taua wā anō, he huarahi nui anō hoki te takai ki te kawe i ngā mōhiohio hua me ngā ariā waitohu ki ngā kaihoko, hei āwhina i te whakarei ake i te ataahua o te mākete me te whakataetae o ngā hua.
Te whiriwhiringa o te hoahoa me ngā rauemipouaka hikareti tarukino He ngāwari, he rerekē hoki ngā takai hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga hua me ngā hiahia o te mākete. I runga i ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā takai ki te takai kāri, te takai kirihou, te takai whakarewa, te takai karāhe, te takai muka, me ētahi atu. He painga motuhake me te whakamahinga o ia rauemi, pērā i te takai kāri he pai mō te taiao, he iti te utu, he ātete wai, he pakari te takai kirihou, he ātete ki te pēhanga, he ataahua te takai whakarewa, he mārama, he kounga teitei te takai karāhe, me ētahi atu.
Ka taea hoki te whakarōpū i ngā takai kia rite ki te whakamahinga, tae atu ki te takai kaihoko, te takai ahumahi me te takai kawe. Ko te arotahi o te takai hua kaihoko ki te ataahua me te ātaahua hei kukume i ngā kaihoko ki te hoko; ko te arotahi o te takai ahumahi ki te tiaki me te mahi hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā hua i te wā o te tukanga whakaputa ahumahi; ko te arotahi o te takai kawe ko te roa me te watea hei whakahaere i te kawe tawhiti o ngā hua. Te taenga haumaru ki te ūnga i te wā e kawe ana.
E mārama ana te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen ki tēnāpouaka hikareti tarukino Ehara i te mea he taputapu tiaki me te kawe hua anake te takai, engari he huarahi nui hoki mō te hanga waitohu me te hokohoko. Mā te hoahoa tupato me te whakamahinga mohio, ka taea e te takai te whakanui ake i te uara tāpiri o ngā hua, te whakarei ake i te hiahia o ngā kaihoko ki te hoko, me te wero i te kaha ki te whanaketanga pumau o ngā umanga. He whānui, he kanorau hoki te umanga takai, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha mai i te hanga rauemi mata,pouaka hikareti tarukino te hoahoa tākai, te hanga me te tukatuka ki te hoko me te kawe taonga. I te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o te ao me ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko, kei te tere haere te auahatanga me te panonitanga o te umanga tākai.
Ko te wāhanga matua o te mekameka tākai ko te whakarato rauemi mata, tae atu ki te pepa, ngā matūriki kirihou, ngā pepa whakarewa, te karāhe me ngā momo muka. He mahi nui tā ēnei rauemi mata i roto i te umanga tākai.
I kitea i te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen he whānui rawa ngā whakamahinga o te umanga tākai, e kapi ana i ngā ahumahi maha pēnei i te kai me te inu, ngā taputapu o te whare, ngā hikohiko kaihoko, ngā ratonga hokohoko ipurangi, ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu, ngā hua matū, ngā matū o ia rā, me ngā hua rongoā me te hauora. I roto i ēnei ahumahi, ehara i te mea he huarahi nui te tākai hei tiaki i ngā hua me te whakapai ake i ngā hoko hua, engari he pānga tika hoki ki te ahua o te waitohu me te whakataetae mākete o te hua.
Ina koa i roto i te umanga hanga pepa, he tino kanorau ngā ahumahi o raro iho, e kapi ana i te nuinga o ngā mara pēnei i te kai me te inu, ngā taputapu o te whare, ngā hikohiko kaihoko, ngā ratonga hokohoko ipurangi, ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu, ngā matū, ngā matū o ia rā, te rongoā me te tiaki hauora. E whakaatu ana tēnei he mea nui te takai i roto i te pakihi me te oranga o ia rā.
Te āhua whanaketanga opouaka hikareti tarukino umanga tākai
He nui te tono pāpori mō te umanga takai o Haina, ā, kei te piki haere tonu ngā ihirangi pūtaiao me te hangarau i ia tau, i ia tau. Kua noho hei wāhanga nui, he wāhanga nui hoki o te ōhanga o te motu. Nā te whakawhiti o ngā umanga tukatuka me te hanga o te ao, me te tautoko kaha mai i te kāwanatanga, kei te piki haere tonu te maha o ngā umanga i roto i te umanga takai o tōku whenua. E ai ki ngā tatauranga hou, ko te maha o ngā kamupene takai kei runga ake i te rahi kua tohua i tōku whenua ka eke ki te 9,860 i te tau 2022, he pikinga o te 1,029 ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2021.
Mō ngā moni whiwhi whakahaere, ko ngā umanga tākai o tōku whenua i runga ake i te rahi kua tohua i eke ki te 1,229.334 piriona yuan i te tau 2022, he pikinga 25.153 piriona yuan ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2021. Mō ngā wāhanga ahumahi, ko te tākai pepa me te tākai kiriata kirihou te wāhanga mākete nui rawa atu, ko te katoa o te 31.09%. Whai muri ko te umanga pepa me te ipu kāri, ko te 24.77%. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā pouaka me ngā ipu tākai kirihou, ngā ipu me ngā rauemi tākai whakarewa, ngā taputapu motuhake mō te tukatuka kirihou, ngā ipu tākai karāhe, ngā hua kōkī me ētahi atu hua rakau kei roto hoki i tētahi wāhanga mākete.
Mō ngā hua, i te tau 2022, i eke te katoa o ngā hua ki te 63.107 piriona yuan mō ngā umanga tākai o tōku whenua i runga ake i te rahi kua tohua. I roto i ēnei, he nui te whiwhinga moni a te umanga kiriata kirihou, tae atu ki te 33.91%. Ko ngā ipu pepa me te kātene, ngā pouaka me ngā ipu tākai kirihou, ngā taputapu motuhake mō te tukatuka kirihou, ngā ipu me ngā rauemi tākai whakarewa, me ngā ipu tākai karāhe he wāhanga motuhake o ngā hua.
Mō te hokohoko ki tāwāhi, kua mau tonu te nui o te moni whiwhi a te umanga tākai o tōku whenua. Mai i Hanuere ki Tīhema 2022, ko te nui o te kaweake a te umanga tākai ā-motu he US$55.252 piriona, he pikinga ā-tau o te 12.85%; ko te nui o te kawemai he US$14.111 piriona, he hekenga ā-tau o te 15.05%. Mō ngā kaweake, ko te tākai kirihou te momo hua kaweake matua o tōku whenua, e 65.91% te nui. Mō ngā kawemai, kei te noho hoki te tākai kirihou i te tūranga matua, e 90.13% te nui o te uara kawemai.
Mai i te tirohanga o te tohatoha whenua i Shenzhenpouaka hikareti tarukino Ko te Whakaaturanga Tākai, ko ngā kawanatanga kaweake matua o te umanga tākai o tōku whenua i te tau 2022 ko te Porowini o Guangdong, te Porowini o Zhejiang me te Porowini o Jiangsu, e 26.40%, 21.01% me te 11.90% o te uara kaweake. Mō ngā kawemai, ko Jiangsu, Guangdong, me Shanghai ngā kawanatanga kawemai matua o te umanga tākai o tōku whenua, e 29.04%, 24.10%, me te 18.76% o te uara kawemai. Kua tere te whanaketanga o te umanga tākai i ēnei rohe, ā, kei te kaha te hokohoko ki tāwāhi, e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whanaketanga whānui o te umanga tākai o tōku whenua.
Te āhua whakataetae o te umanga tākai
Nā te tere o te tipu o te ōhanga o tōku whenua, kua tino whanake te umanga tākai. Nā te nui o te pūmanawa mākete me te taiao whanaketanga pai kua kukume mai i te maha o ngā umanga rongonui o roto me tāwāhi me te pūtea tūmataiti. He kaha ake te whakataetae a ngā kamupene tākai nui nā ō rātou ōhanga tauine i roto i te hoko rauemi mata, te whakaputa me te kawe rauemi, ā, ka noho haere tonu rātou i te wāhi mākete. I taua wā anō, i te mea ka kaha haere ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao, kei te whakapai tonu hoki te hangarau me ngā rauemi i roto i te umanga tākai, ka meinga ētahi kamupene iti kia neke haere i te mākete. Ina koa mō ngā kamupene kua rārangihia, he māmā ake ki a rātou te whiwhi tautoko pūtea iti te utu mō te tere o te whakawhānui pakihi.
I kitea i roto i te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen, i ngā tau tata nei, kua noho te pepa kraft hei pepa whiriwhiri i roto i ngā mara maha nā tōna kaha nui, tōna ngāwari ki te whakamahi, me tōna iti o te pānga ki te taiao. Inaa, ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga matua ko te 100% hangarua me te atawhai i te taiao.
He aha te pepa kraft
I te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen, i akohia ko te pepa kraft he pepa, he kāri rānei i hangaia mai i te penupenu matū i hangaia mā te tukanga pepa kraft. Nā te tukanga penupenu kraft, he pakari te pepa kraft taketake, he ātete ki te wai, he ātete ki te haehae, ā, he kōwhai-parauri te tae.
He pouri ake te penupenu kraft i ētahi atu penupenu rakau, engari ka taea te whakamā kia puta he penupenu tino mā. Ka whakamahia te penupenu kraft kua whakamā katoatia ki te hanga pepa kounga teitei, he mea nui te kaha, te mā me te ātete ki te kōwhai.
Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pepa kraft me te pepa noa:
Tērā pea ētahi e kī ana, he pepa noa iho, he aha te mea motuhake mōna? He māmā noa iho, he kaha ake te pepa kraft.
Nā te tukanga pepa kraft i whakahuatia ake nei, he nui ake te rakau ka tangohia mai i te penupenu pepa kraft, ka waiho ake he muka, ka hoatu ki te pepa ōna āhuatanga ātete ki te haehae, ki te pakari hoki.
He maha ngā wā he nui ake te pūngao o te pepa kraft tae taketake i te pepa noa, ā, ka paku kino ake te pānga o te tā, engari he tino pai mō ētahi tukanga motuhake, pērā i te whakairo, te tā wera rānei.
Te hītori me te tukanga whakaputa o te pepa kraft
I akohia e te Whakaaturanga Mōkihi o Shenzhen he rauemi mōkihi e whakamahia whānuitia ana te pepa kraft, ā, i tapaina i muri i te tukanga penupenu pepa kraft. I hangaia te tukanga pepa kraft e Carl F. Dahl i Danzig, Prussia, Tiamana i te tau 1879. Nō te reo Tiamana tōna ingoa: ko te tikanga o "Kraft" he kaha, he ora rānei.
Ko ngā kai matua mō te hanga penupenu kraft ko te muka rakau, te wai, ngā matū me te wera. Ka hangaia te penupenu kraft mā te whakaranu i ngā muka rakau me te wairewa o te houra tunutunu me te konutai whanariki, kātahi ka tunua ki roto i te mīhini keri.
Ka haere te penupenu i roto i ngā tukanga hanga me ngā mana whakahaere tukanga pēnei i te tō, te tunu, te whakama te penupenu, te whiu, te rahi, te whakama, te purenga, te tātari, te hanga āhua, te whakamaroke me te pēhi, te whakamaroke, te tātaita, me te takai, ā, i te mutunga ka puta he pepa kraft.
Te whakamahinga o te pepa kraft i roto i tepouaka hikareti tarukino tākai
I ēnei rā, ko te pepa kraft te nuinga e whakamahia ana mō ngā pouaka kowakawaka, me te pepa kirihou kore-tūpono e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā putea pepa pēnei i te sima, te kai, ngā matū, ngā taonga kaihoko, ngā putea paraoa, me ētahi atu.
Nā te roa me te whai hua o te pepa kraft, he tino rongonui ngā kātene kōpikopiko i roto i te umanga kawe tere. Ka taea e ngā kātene te tiaki pai i ngā hua, ā, ka taea hoki te tu atu i ngā āhuatanga kawe uaua. Hei tāpiri, ko te utu me te utu e hangai ana ki te whanaketanga o te kamupene.
I kitea i roto i te Whakaaturanga Tākai o Shenzhen he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā pouaka pepa kraft e ngā kamupene hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga whanaketanga tauwhiro, ā, e whakaatu mārama ana i ngā kaupapa tiaki taiao mā te āhua maeneene me te taketake o te pepa kraft parauri. He tino maha ngā whakamahinga o te pepa kraft, ā, he maha ngā momo tākai auaha e tukuna ana i roto i te umanga tākai o ēnei rā.
Ko te tikanga ka whiriwhiria e mātou he kiriata mirumiru hei tākai i te hua
Ko te painga o te takai mirumiru ko te mimiti i ngā ru me te ārai i ngā taonga. Ina koa i te wā e whakahaere ana me te kawe taonga ana, mā te whakamahi i te takai mirumiru hei tākai taonga ka taea te tiaki pai i ngā taonga me te karo i te tukinga me te pakaru. I tēnei wā, ka whiriwhiria e ētahi ahumahi mahi-ā-ringa, ahumahi motuka, motopaika rānei te kiriata mirumiru hei tākai me te kawe taonga, ehara i te mea he utu iti me te watea anake, engari ka taea hoki te tiaki pai i ngā taonga.
He mea hanga te kiriata mirumiru ki te rauemi kapia. Kī tonu te paparanga o waenganui o te kiriata mirumiru i te hau, nō reira ka kitea he tino māmā te kiriata mirumiru, ā, he pai te ngāwari. Nō reira, he pai te uruhanga o te kiriata mirumiru ki te hau. Hei tāpiri, he āhuatanga tino pai anō hoki tō te kiriata mirumiru, arā, te ātete ki te waikura me te makuku. Nā tōna hanganga me ngā rauemi ahurei, kāore te kiriata mirumiru e mimiti i te makuku, ā, he āhuatanga ātete ki te makuku. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e te kiriata mirumiru te ārai i te waikura i roto i ētahi momo waikura waikawa me te kawakore, pērā i ētahi hua hiko, hua oro-ataata, ētahi mea whakapaipai rānei, ka taea te takai ki te takai mirumiru hei tiaki pai i a rātou.
Hehenpouaka hikareti tarukinoI akohia e te Whakaaturanga Tākai, hei whakamutunga, he pai hoki ngā āhuatanga ārai oro o te kiriata mirumiru, nō reira i te wā e kawe ana i ētahi taonga nunui, ka taea e te whakamahinga o te kiriata mirumiru te whai wāhi ki te ārai oro, inā koa mō ētahi taonga e kawehia ana i te raumati, he tika te whakamahinga o te takai kiriata mirumiru.
Kāore he tae, kāore he kakara, ā, kāore he paitini o te takai mirumiru. Ehara i te mea he pai te mahi me ngā painga anake, engari ka taea hoki te whakarite i roto i ngā rahi me ngā āhua rerekē kia rite ki ā tātou hiahia kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga tono me ngā hiahia whakamahinga.
Te rerekētanga i waenga i te kiriata kūmara me te kiriata mirumiru
I ako te Whakaaturanga Tākai Shenzhen ko te mea tuatahi ko te rahi o te mirumiru i muri i te pupuhi. Whai muri i tepouaka hikareti tarukinoKi te pupuhihia te kiriata mirumiru, he iti noa iho ngā mirumiru e hangaia ana, ā, he motuhake ia mirumiru tetahi i tetahi. Kāore ngā tūranga i konei e tiakina mēnā ka pakū te mirumiru. He rerekē te kiriuhi ipu. He nui ake ngā mirumiru e hangaia ana i muri i te pupuhitanga o te kiriata hue, ā, he nui ake te hau ka taea te tu atu i te pānga nui ake me te tiaki i te hua. I taua wā anō, ka honoa ngā mirumiru o te kiriata hue i roto i te raupapa. Ki te pēhia he mirumiru, ka whakapōturitia hoki e te kaha pānga nui, ka pēhia te hau i roto i te mirumiru ki runga i ētahi atu mirumiru hei karo i te kino nā te pēhanga nui. Ina ngaro tēnei kaha, ka hoki te hau ki tōna āhua mirumiru taketake, ka hoki anō ki tōna āhua taketake. Pērā i te kiriata mirumiru, ka taea e te kiriata hue te takai i ngā hua i roto i te āhua takai me te tiaki i ngā hua i ngā taha katoa me te kore he wāhi matapo.
Ko te tuarua o ngā kōrero ko te utu. Mai i te tirohanga utu hoko, he tata rite te kiriata mirumiru me te kiriata hue. Engari mō te utu whānui, he pai ake te kiriata hue. He aha koe i kī ai i tēnei? Nā te mea ka pupuhihia te kiriata mirumiru i muri i te hanga. He tino nui, ā, he nui te wāhi me ngā rauemi e pau ana. He rerekē te kiriuhi ipu. I muri i te hanga o te kiriata hue, ka rongoatia ki roto i te kiriata rōra. He rite te matotoru o te pepa kotahi ki ngā pepa A4 e rua, ka penapenahia he nui te wāhi rokiroki me te kawe me ngā utu.
Wā tuku: 27 Paenga-whāwhā 2024