Ka pāngia te tukanga tākai hua e te huarere me ngā āhuatanga taiao. Nā te mea ko te whānuitanga o te tohanga oUKtakai hikareti He rerekē rawa ngā hua ahakoa ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi me te taiao o te rohe. Me mārama ngā kaihoahoa hangarau tākai ki ngā ture hurihuri o ngā āhuatanga taiao āhuarangi, me ako i te pānga o ngā āhuatanga taiao āhuarangi ki te mahi me te kounga o ngā tākai, me te whakarato i te tiakitanga e tika ana kia tutuki ai i te tākai ngā whakaritenga tākai hua i roto i tētahi wā rokiroki, i tētahi roanga rānei o te oranga, me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga o te tukanga tohanga i roto.
Ngā āhuatanga huarere e pā ana kiTākai hikareti o te UK hangarau e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, tae atu ki te pāmahana, te haumākū, te ua me te hukarere, te hau me te hihi o te rā, me ētahi atu.
1. Korere
He rahinga ā-tinana e whakaatu ana i te nui o te wera me te makariri o te āhuarangi, arā, te pāmahana o te hau. Ko te pāmahana o te āhuarangi e pā ana ki te pāmahana e kitea ana e te teihana huarere, arā, te pāmahana o te hau i te teitei o te 2 mita mai i te whenua, kāore he rā tika, ā, he pai te rere o te hau.
Ko te whānui te take matua o ngā huringa pāmahana i ngā wāhi rerekē, ā, muri iho ko te whenua me te teitei o te rohe. He whānui te rohe o tō tātou whenua, he rerekētanga nui o te teitei me te āhuarangi i ngā rohe rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te pāmahana teitei rawa atu i te Rohe o Turpan i tae ki te 48°C, i te mea ko Mohe, Heilongjiang, i pāngia e te pāmahana tae noa ki te -50°C. Kei te rohe rawhiti ngā rohe āhuarangi pārūrū, pārūrū, mahana, makariri me ētahi atu āhuarangi mai i te tonga ki te raki. I te Papa Whenua o Qinghai-Tibet, kei reira ngā rohe kāinga maunga teitei me ngā rohe āhuarangi hukapapa puta noa i te tau. He rerekētanga o te pāmahana o te mata i ia rā, i ia tau, ā, ka rerekē te pāmahana o te rangi i ia rā, i ia tau. He huringa huringa tēnei, ā, nā ngā huringa o te tahua irahiko whenua i puta mai.
He uara mōrahi, he uara iti hoki ngā pāmahana o ia rā. Ka tata te rā e whiti ana te rangi ki te rā. Whai muri i te rā e whiti ana te rangi, ka piki haere te hau, ka tae ki te uara teitei rawa i waenga i te 14 me te 15 i te poutumarotanga, kātahi ka heke haere tae noa ki te rā e whiti ana te rangi. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pāmahana teitei rawa me te pāmahana iti rawa i te ao me te pō ka kiia ko te awhe pāmahana o te ao, e pā ana ki te whānui, te wā, te whenua, ngā āhuatanga o te mata, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te teitei.
He uara mōrahi, he uara iti hoki te huringa pāmahana ā-tau (haunga ngā rohe e tata ana ki te ekueta). Ko te pāmahana teitei rawa o te tau ka puta i te raumati, ko te nuinga i te marama o Hūrae i te tuawhenua, ā, i te marama o Ākuhata i te moana. Ko te pāmahana iti rawa ka puta i te takurua, ko te nuinga i te marama o Hānuere i te tuawhenua, ā, i te marama o Pēpuere i te moana. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pāmahana toharite o te marama wera rawa me te pāmahana toharite o te marama makariri rawa i roto i te tau ka kiia ko te awhe pāmahana ā-tau. Waihoki, ko tōna rahi e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whānui, te āhua whenua, ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te teitei. Hei tauira, i ngā rohe pārūrū, ka taea e te awhe pāmahana toharite ā-tau i te whenua te eke ki te 20°C, i ngā rohe takutai moana he tata ki te 5°C, ā, kāore i te nui te awhe pāmahana ā-tau. He tino nui te awhe ā-tau i te rohe mahana, ā, ka piki ake i te piki haere o te whānui me te hohonutanga ki uta. Ko te awhe ā-tau i te takutai moana he tata ki te 15°C, i runga i te whenua nui ka eke ki te 50~60°C.
Ka pāngia te kounga o ngā takai e ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana o ia rā. I ngā rohe maroke pārūrū me te nui rawa o ngā rerekētanga o te awatea, ka tata te awhe pāmahana o te awatea ki te 30°C i roto i ngā hāora 8 mai i mua ki muri i te whitinga o te rā. Tērā pea ka rerekē te makuku whanaunga i roto i ngā takai kua kati i ngā rerekētanga nui o te pāmahana o ia rā.
Ko ngā mahi matua o ngā takai kai ko te ārai i te pirau o te kai i roto i te taiao tohanga, te whakarite i te kounga, te ārai i te poke o te kai i ngā moroiti me te paru, te whakamahi i ngā takai mīhini me ngā takai aunoa hei whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa, te whakarite kia tika ake te whakaputa, me te whakatairanga me te whakapai ake i te tohanga kai. me te whakahaere pakihi hei whakanui ake i te uara o te kai. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā takai kai he raupapa o ngā hangarau me ngā tukanga hou, tae atu ki te hangarau takai putea retort kai, te hangarau kai tio-tere, te pupuri hou.Tākai hikareti o te UK hangarau, hangarau takai ātete, me ētahi atu. Mā te whakamahi i te takai ātete o ngā inu wai hua hei tauira, ka tātarihia e mātou te tukanga whakatakotoranga o ngā ture tukanga takai hua inu 1. Ngā āhuatanga o ngā inu hua me ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō te takai
He rerekē te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te wai hua, he rerekē te hanganga me te kounga o aua hua. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te takai ko te waikawa, ngā whākōkī, te huaora C, te tae me te kakara o te wai.
He rerekē ngā taumata o ngā waikawa waro i roto i ngā hua me ngā wai hua katoa. Ka taea e ngā waikawa waro te pupuri i te kakara ahurei o ngā hua, te hoatu i te reka ki te tangata, ā, he pai hoki mō te hauora o te tangata. Nō reira, me tiaki e ngā paerewa takai ngā waikawa waro i roto i ngā wai hua, me te ārai hoki i te hanganga o ngā waikawa waro. Te pānga waikura o ngā waikawa ki te takai. Te pH o te wai hua kaitākai hikareti UK kei raro iho i te 4.5 te pāmahana. Kāore e tupu ngā huakita i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Ko te rewena me te pokepokea ai te take matua o te pirau o te wai hua. I te pāmahana rūma, ka pirau ngā wai mata nā te whakapūtanga waipiro, ā, ka puta te waikawa o te waipiro me te hua nā te tipu rewena, pokepokea ai rānei i runga i te mata. Hei ārai i te pirau, me whakahoromata tonu mā te pāmahana teitei.
Arā, whakamahia he whakawhiti wera pereti, he ngongo rānei hei whakamahana i te wai ki te 110°C, ā, puritia mō te 15 hēkona, tātarihia rānei, tāpirihia he matū tiaki hei tango i te wai. oKa ārai i ngā pānga kino o te rewena. Ka ngaro ngāwari te huaora C i roto i te wai, inā koa i roto i ngā ipu whakarewa kāore i te whakakikoruatia ki te rino, te parahi, te tine rānei. Nā te noho mai o ngā katote whakarewa, ka ngāwari te waikura o te huaora C. Nō reira, mā te tunu tere ka taea te whakaiti i te pānga o te waikura waikawa ascorbic. , te whakaiti i te tauhohenga waikura me te tiaki i te huaora C. Mā te whakamahi i ngā takai ārai-hau me te ārai-mārama me te penapena i ngā pāmahana iti ka whakaitihia hoki te ngaronga o te huaora C. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi nui o te whanariki i te wā e kēne ana ka whai pānga tiaki anō hoki ki te huaora C. 2.
Te hoahoa o te ipu takai aseptic mō te wai huarākau Ka whakahoromatatia tonutia ngā kai wai hua i ngā pāmahana teitei, kātahi ka whakahekehia te pāmahana ki te 20~30°C kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga mō te koretake. Ko te takai wai huarākau he pūnaha takai e whakanoho ana i te wai huarākau, ngā ipu takai me ngā rauemi āwhina takai ki roto i te taiao koretake, ā, e whakamahi ana i te mīhini whakakī koretake hei whakakī me te hiri.
Ko ngā ipu tākai e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tākai ātete ko ngā kapu, ngā pouaka, ngā putea, ngā oko, me ētahi atu, ā, ko ngā rauemi tākai he kiriata hiato te nuinga. Ko te kounga otākai hikareti UK Ko te nui o ngā kātene i hangaia ki ngā kiriata hiato he 8% noa iho i te nui o ngā pounamu karāhe o taua rahinga. Ehara i te mea he iti ake te utu, engari he iti ake hoki te para e puta mai ana, he mea pai tēnei mō te tiaki i te taiao.
Kei te Pikitia 8-4 te hanganga me te hoahoa whariki o te kātene takai ātete. Ko te rauemi o te kātene he kiriata hiato, he mea tito mai i ngā paparanga rauemi e ono, arā, he polyethylene/pepa/polyethylene/pepa konumohe/polyethylene/polyethylene hiato. Ko te 75% o ēnei he pepa, 20% he polyethylene, ā, ko te 5% e toe ana he pepa konumohe.
Ko te tānga whakairoiro, te whakaranu rauemi, te tapahi me te whakapiko i te pepa o waho o te kātene takai ka oti katoa i ngā kaihanga ngaio, ā, ka tukuna ki te wheketere takai i roto i te āhua rōra. Ko te pereki parakore noa te āhuaTākai hikareti o te UK Ko te kaha o te kātene kei te mākete he 250mL, ā, ko ōna inenga kei te Pikitia 8-4(b). Ko te rārangi totoka i te pikitia e tohu ana i te rārangi tapahi āhua, ko te rārangi iraira e tohu ana i te rārangi kōpiko o te kopa o roto, ā, ko te rārangi iraira e tohu ana i te rārangi kōpiko o te kopa o waho. Ko te whānui o te rōra rauemi tākai e haria ana ki te wheketere tākai he tata ki te 800mm, ā, ko te roa he tata ki te 800m. Tata ki te 5,000 ngā kātene tākai ātete āhua pereki he 250m te rahi ka taea te whakaputa.
He taonga motuhake ngā rongoā e pā ana ki te oranga me te haumaru o te tangata, nō reira me whakaputa i te kounga teitei kia pai ai te whai huatanga. He kounga te haumarutanga. Ko te Tikanga Hanga Pai (GMP) mō ngā rongoā i hangaia e te World Health Organization (W0) ko te whakatinana i te whakahaere kounga whānui i roto i te tukanga hanga rongoā, pērā i te whakahaere i ngā rauemi mata, te rahinga me te tuku whakamutunga, tae atu ki ngā tikanga whakahaere takai o ngā wheketere rongoā. He mārama ngā ture mō te wāhi, ngā kaimahi e mahi ana ki te takai me tehikareti UKtākai ngā ipu, ngā rauemi tākai, ngā taputapu tākai, ngā tohu tākai, me ētahi atu. I whakatakotoria ngā whakaritenga tino pakari. I roto i te poto, me haumaru, me pono hoki ngā tākai rongoā. He pai te tiaki. He ngāwari ki te tukatuka. He whakatairanga i ngā hoko, he ōhanga, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, he tuku mōhiohio me ētahi atu mahi.
1.Uhikareti k pte tatau ngā whakaritenga mō ngā momo rongoā.
He maha ngā momo rongoā, ā, ko ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō te takai ko: 1) Te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o waho ki te āhua o ngā pounamu rongoā. He tino ngāwari ngā rongoā ki te awe o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, matū, moroiti me te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, i roto i te hau me te whakawhirinaki ki te miro. He ngāwari ki te waikura me te mate, he ngāwari ki te pirau me te huri i te tae ina pā ki te mārama, ka pirau me te heke ina pā ki te makuku, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakakorikori me te whakangawari ina pā ki te wera, ā, ka ngaro te whai huatanga o te rongoā. I ētahi wā, hei utu mō te rongoā i te mate, ka pā te mate me te tūpono ki te oranga. Nō reira. Ahakoa te āhua, te hanganga, te hoahoa whakapaipai me te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi takai mō te takai rongoā, ko te mea tuatahi hei whakaaro ko tōna mahi tiaki, arā, te pupuri i te whai huatanga o te rongoā. Ko te wā whai mana toharite o ngā rongoā he 2 tau, ā, ko ētahi ka neke atu i te 3 tau. Nō reira, me whakarite hoki te takai kia pumau ngā kai o ngā rongoā i te wā whai mana, ā, e kore e heke. He rerekē te heke o ngā momo inenga rongoā. He ngāwari ngā rongoā totoka pēnei i ngā papa me ngā paura ki te makuku. Ina rerekē te pāmahana me te haumākū, ka āta rerekē te āhua me te kounga. Hei tauira, i muri i te makuku o ngā papa kua pania ki te huka, ka memeha te mata, ā, ka puta ake i roto i te wā. Ka whakaitihia e ngā kapiti te ihirangi o ngā kai matua o te rongoā, ā, ka whakaitihia tōna whai huatanga. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te piri o ngā paura me ngā kirikiri i muri i te makuku, ka whakaitihia hoki te whai huatanga me te kounga o ngā rongoā. Kāore ngā wai, ngā werohanga me ētahi atu rongoā e pāngia e te makuku, engari ka ngāwari ki te waikura ina pā ki te hau, ka huri hoki i ngā kai matua o te rongoā, ka puta te tae ke. He ua rānei: Ko ētahi rongoā ka poke ngāwari i te huakita, te harore, me te harore, ka pirau, ka ngaro katoa tō rātou whai huatanga, ka noho hei hua ngoikore.
Ka ngawari ngā rongoā matotoru pēnei i ngā mea whakangawari, ka pāngia rānei e te waikura me te huri tae i raro i ngā huringa pāmahana me te pānga o te mārama. 2 Ngā whakaritenga mō te takai rongoā. Tuatahi, me whai whakaaro ki te āhua hinengaro me ngā whakaritenga o te tūroro, ā, me whakauru hoki he mōhiohio e ranea ana kia taea ai e ngā kaihoko te mārama ki ngā kai me te papamuri hanga o te rongoā, tōna whai huatanga tika ki te mate, me pēhea te tango. Me whakaata te hoahoa i te wairua haumaru me te whakawhirinaki, ā, me ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ki te kawe me te penapena. Me whakaaro hoki he pai mō te aunoatanga o te takai hei whakapai ake i te hua. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 8-6 i te whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo horopeta rongoā me ngā momo takai e whakamahia ana hei tohutoro.
2. Te hoahoa o ngā rongoāTākai hikareti o te UKngā mahi tiaki.
I runga i te taiao tohanga rongoā, pērā i te pāmahana, te haumākū, te hāora, te mārama, me ētahi atu, me ngā āhuatanga o ngā momo horopeta rongoā, me whiriwhiri ngā tukanga me ngā rauemi tākai tika mō te hoahoa tākai tiaki. Mō ngā rongoā e pāngia ngāwari ana e te makuku, me whakamahi ngā rauemi tākai ātete-makuku.
Ka rerekē te tohatoha o te haumākū whanaunga i runga i te whenua i runga i te whānui. Mai i te ekueta ki ngā whānui tata ki waenganui (tata ki te 35°), ka heke te haumākū whanaunga i te pikinga o te whānui. Ina huri mai i te whānui waenga ki te whānui teitei, i te hekenga haere o te pāmahana, ka piki ake te haumākū whanaunga i te pikinga o te whānui.
He āhua makuku te rohe ki te tonga o te awa o Yangtze i tōku whenua, ā, ko te makuku ā-tau toharite he 70% ki te 80% me te makuku tino 1.6 ki te 2.4kPa; ko te maha o ngā wā haumākū ā-tau i runga ake i te 80% e 50% o ngā hāora ā-tau katoa. Ko ngā hāora he 90% te makuku e 25% neke atu i te tau. Ko te makuku ā-tau toharite i te awa o Kōwhai he 70%, ā, ko te makuku tino 1.2kPa; Te Tai Rāwhiti o Haina
Ko te haumākū ā-tau toharite i te rohe he 70%, ā, ko te haumākū tuturu he 0.8kPa anake.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-05-2024