E rua ngā momo hapa rerekē te āhua mōngā pouaka hikareti kāteneka taea te utu mā roto i ngā tikanga rerekē.
He rerekē ngā ture o ngā hapa pūnaha. Whai muri i te tautuhi i tō rātou rahi me te ahunga, ka taea te whakatau mā te whakarerekē, te whakahou rānei i ngā taputapu. Mō ngā hapa tūpono, te āhua nei kāore he auautanga i te mata. Heoi, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga pāngarau hei kimi i te tauira whānui o ngā hapa tākai mō tētahi puranga o ngā mōkihi.
(1) Whakatauhia te rohe kounga AQL. Ka whiriwhiri te kaihanga me te kaiwhakamahi ki te whakatau i te rohe kounga whakaae, ā, ka tuhia ki roto i te whakatakotoranga hangarau, ki te kirimana ota rānei. Ko te tikanga, ka whakaritea motuhaketia ngā rohe kounga whakaae kia rite ki te whakarōpūtanga kore-tikanga. Ko te rohe kounga whiwhinga kua tohua mō te Akomanga A he iti ake i te rohe kounga whiwhinga kua tohua mō te Akomanga B, ā, ko te rohe kounga whiwhinga kua tohua mō te Akomanga C he nui ake i te rohe kounga whiwhinga kua tohua mō te Akomanga B. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e tātou te whakaaro ki te whakarite anō i ētahi, i ngā tūemi takitahi rānei kāore i te tika i roto i te kāwai kotahi, ka taea rānei e tātou te whakaaro ki te whakarite anō i te rohe kounga whiwhinga i waenga i ngā kāwai rerekē. Ko ngā rohe kounga whakaae ka whakaatuhia hei te maha o ngā hapa mō ia 100 hua kua tākaihia. Hei tauira, ko ngā rohe kounga whakaae mō ngā pouaka kōpikopiko ko: 1.0 mō te Akomanga A, 4.0 mō te Akomanga B, me te 6.5 mō te Akomanga C.
(2) Whakatauhia te mahere tauira, arā, te rahi o te tauira me te maha o ngā whakaae me ngā whakakorenga e ai ki te momo mahere tauira. Ka whakaratohia e GB/T 2828.1-2003 ngā mahere tauira tuatahi me tuarua noa, tino pakari, me te ngāwari. Ko te tikanga o tēnei kia taea ai te whakarerekē i te tino pakari o te mahere i te wā tika e ai ki ngā huringa o te kounga, ā, kia taea ai te whakatutuki i tētahi pānga tauira pai ake me te tauira iti ake. Ko te Ripanga 8-10 he mahere tauira mō te tirotiro noa hei tohutoro.
(3) Tangohia ngā tauira, ka tirotirohia ngā tauira.
(4) Whakatauhia mēnā he tika, he kore tika rānei te tirotiro puranga-i-te-puranga, ā, hangaia he mahere whakakorenga i muri i te tirotiro. 2. Ngā tauira tirotiro
Ka whakahaerehia te tirotiro i tētahi hua kua tākaihia i roto i ngā puranga o te 10,000 ngā wahi i runga anō i te GB/T2828.1-2003 "Mahere tauira tirotiro puranga-i-te-puranga i tangohia mai i te rohe kounga whakaae (AQL)", ā, ka whakamahia te taumata tirotiro whānui II. Whakamahia te mahere tauira tirotiro kotahi-wā noa, ka tirohia te waehere rahi tauira mai i te Ripanga 8-9 ki te L; kātahi ka tirohia te rahi tauira mai i te Ripanga 8-10 ki te 200, ka tīpako matapōkeretia ngā tauira. E ai ki ngā kāwai e toru o ngā rohe kounga whiwhi: Ko te Kāwai A he 1.0, ko te Kāwai B he 4.0, ā, ko te Kāwai C he 6.5. Ka kitea mai i te Ripanga 8-10 ko te rarangi me te waehere rahi tauira L me te AOL=1.0, 4.0, 6.5 I te whakawhiti o ngā pou, pānuihia [5,6], [14,15], [21,
Ko te maha o ngā hua i whakakahoretia i roto i ngā wāhanga e toru mōngā pouaka hikareti kāteneA, D, me C.
Mena he nui ake, he ōrite rānei te maha o ngā hua hapa i roto i te tauira ki te maha o ngā hua hapa, kāore e rite ki te maha o ngā hua hapa. Hei tauira, ki te tangohia he 2,000 ngā hua mai i te raina whakaputa hei tirotiro, ā, ki te kitea he 5 te maha, ka whakatauhia tēnei puranga hua tākai kāore i te tika.
E 3 ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i te Kāwai A, e 4 ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i te Kāwai B, e 2 ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i te Kāwai A me te B, e 3 ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i te Kāwai B me te C, ā, e 5ngā pouaka hikareti kātenekāore i whai mana ngā hua i roto i te Kāwai C. Kātahi ka 79 me te 8 ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i te Kāwai A, Kāwai B me te Kāwai C, ā, ko te tapeke o ngā hua kāore i whai mana ko te 24. Ko te tapeke o ngā hua kāore i whai mana i roto i ngā kāwai A, B, me C ko te 7, 7, me te 5, ā, ko te tapeke o ngā hua kāore i whai mana ko te 19.
Ina tae te maha o ngā hua kāore i te tika ki te tau whakakorenga, me tātari taipitopito mēnā ka whakakorengia tēnei puranga hua kua tākaihia. I ētahi wā me whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whakaae, pērā i te whakaae engari me whakatūpato me whai mahi whakatikatika, te whakahē rānei engari me whakaae kia whiwhi i muri i te whakarōpūtanga, te tukatuka anō rānei.
Te whakatinanatanga ongā pouaka hikareti kātenete tirotiro kounga o te takai
ngā pouaka hikareti kāteneMe whakahaere te kounga o ngā hua kua tākaihia i te wā whakaputa, ā, me whakatikatika ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu i runga i ngā mōhiohio i whiwhihia kia mau tonu ai ngā uara āhuatanga kounga kua tohua ki roto i ngā rohe e hiahiatia ana. I muri i te whiwhinga o ngā hua kua tākaihia, me tirotiro te kounga o ngā hua e ngā kaiwhakamahi hei whakatau mēnā kei te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga hangarau hangahanga, me te tirotiro hoki mēnā he kino kitea i te wā e kawe ana.
(1) Ngā ihirangi o te mahi tirotiro kounga Ko te tirotiro te mana taketake o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te whiwhi hua. Ka taea te tirotiro katoa, te tirotiro tauira rānei. Ko ngā ihirangi taketake o te mahi tirotiro ko: ① Te whakatakoto i ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau mōngā pouaka hikareti kātenengā hua tākai. ② Te whakawhanake i ngā paearu aromatawai. ③ Whakamahia ngā taputapu tirotiro pono me ngā tikanga tirotiro. ④Tuhia ngā raraunga tirotiro. ⑤ Tukuna ngā whakaaro mō te tukatuka i ngā hua tirotiro. ⑥Tukuna ngā raraunga tirotiro me ngā whakaaro ki te tari whakahaere kounga.
(2) Te whakatinanatanga motuhake o te tirotiro kounga
Te arotakenga kounga motuhake o ngā momongā pouaka hikareti kāteneHe rerekē ngā hua tākai. I konei ka tangohia e mātou te tirotiro kounga o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe, ngā kātene whakapiko, me ētahi atu hei tauira. Ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi atu hua hei tohutoro.
1. Ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe
(1) Ngā whakaritenga hangarau mō ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe
①Āhua. Ko te āhua taketake o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo me te nui o ngā taonga kei roto. Kia whakatauhia te āhua o te pounamu, me tuhi he tuhi mahi hei whakaatu i te āhua o te ipu. Ko te tikanga e whakaatuhia ana e ngā tirohanga e toru, ngā tirohanga whakanuia wāhanga, me ētahi atu tirohanga toru-ahu. ②Rahi. Me tuhi ngā āhuatanga nui o ngā pounamu me ngā ipu karāhe ki ngā tuhi mahi, me ngā taunga kua hoatu, me whakauru hoki ētahi atu mea pēnei i te kaha, te kaha rānei. Me whiriwhiri tahi ngā āhuatanga me ngā taunga me te kaihanga nā te mea he teitei me te whānui pumau ngā mīhini hanga pounamu a te kaihanga, e whakawhāiti ana i te āhua me te rahi o ngā pounamu me ngā kēne. Ko ngā mīhini hanga pounamu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ka whakawhāiti i te teitei o ngā pounamu me ngā kēne ki te 25~300mm. Ko te whānui o ngā pounamu me ngā kēne e pā ana ki te maha o ngā pounamu me ngā kēne i hangaia i runga i te wāhanga mīhini kotahi, ā, ko tōna whānui kei waenga i te 12 me te 150mm. ③Manawanui. Ka pāngia ngā pounamu karāhe e ētahi āhuatanga i te wā o te tukanga hanga, ka puta he rerekētanga o te āhua me te rahi. Nō reira, me hoatu he whānuitanga rerekētanga, he ātete rānei e whakaaetia ana mō te rahi o ngā pounamu. Ka pā ngā ātete paerewa ki te rōrahi (mL), te papatipu (kg), te teitei (mm) me te whānui (mm). Ko te ātete kaha o ngā pounamu iti me ngā kēne he 15%, ā, ko te ātete kaha o ngā pounamu nui me ngā kēne he iti iho i te 1%. Kei waenganui i ēnei rohe e rua te ātete kaha o ngā pounamu me ngā kēne rerekē. Ko te ātete papatipu he tata ki te 5% o te papatipu pounamu kua tohua, ā, ko te whānuitanga rerekētanga teitei he 0.5% ki te 0.8% o te teitei katoa. Mō ngā ipu he iti rawa te whānui o te 25mm, ko te ātete whānui he 8%, mō ngā pounamu he whānui mōrahi o te 200mm, ko te ātete he 1.5%, ā, mō ētahi atu pounamu me ngā kēne, kei waenganui i ēnei rohe e rua te ātete.
2. Kātene whakapiko
②Rārangi kōpiko. Me ōrite ngā rārangi kōpiko, me te hohonu hoki kia taea ai e te kātene te hanga i tētahi āhua tika me te āhua kua whakapiko mārama. Ina whakapikohia te kātene, ā, kia papatahi ki te 180°, kia iti ai ngā pakaru i te rārangi kōpiko, me whakamahi he maripi kōpiko me ngā wira mārama hei whakapiko i te rārangi, ā, me whakarite te tapahi kōpiko kātene ki waenganui o te rārangi kōpiko i runga i te mata o te pouaka. Me ma, me papatahi hoki ngā taha katoa o te tapahanga.
Me pēhi mua ngā wāhi katoa e hiahia ana kia pokaia kia pai ai te hanga o te takai. ③Papatahi. Me papatahi ngā kātene, kāore he āhua rerekē, he piko rānei, me wehe kē tetahi i tetahi, me piri tahi rānei. ④Horoia. Horoia, ka mirimiri i ngā kātene i mua i te takai hei tango i te puehu me ngā para i mahue i te tapahi-mati i runga i te mata o ngā kātene.
⑤Te tā. Me tutuki te tānga ki te kātene i ngā paerewa tae, me te whakarite kia ōrite, kia ataahua hoki ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga. ⑥Ngā ture whakahaere kai me ngā rongoā.ngā pouaka hikareti kāteneKaua ngā matū e heke ana i roto i ngā takai e whakamahia ana i te wā whakaputa e nui atu i ngā here kua whakatakotoria e ngā mana whakahaere kai me te rongoā me ō rātou tari i raro iho.
Konipeti.⑦Te tākai me te hoko. Me tākai ngā kātene kua tāia kia rite ki ngā ture. Ka taea te tākai ki roto i ngā pouaka kōpikopiko ka hiritia ki te rīpene, ka taea rānei te whakarārangi ki runga i ngā papa ka takai ki te takai totoro, ki te takai whakaiti rānei. Me tohu i ia wāhanga tākai te kaihanga, te maha o ngā kātene, te momo me te rahi o ngā kātene, te rā i hangaia ai me te tau puranga, me ētahi atu.
⑧Te rokiroki me te uta me te tango i ngā kātene. Me penapena ngā kātene ki tētahi wāhi ma i te pāmahana rūma me te haumākū whanaunga o te 40% ki te 60%. Kaua ngā kātene kei roto ngā kātene e whakatakotoria ki ō rātou taha, kaua hoki e waiho ki te taha o ngā whakamahana, ki ētahi atu pūtake wera rānei, kaua hoki e waiho ki ngā wāhi e ngawari ai te pakaru. Ki runga i ngā papa haukū. I te tango i ngā kātene, whai i te kaupapa "tuatahi ki roto, tuatahi ki waho" ā, whakatuwherahia te maha e whakamahia ana e koe.
(2) Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā pouaka kōpiko kāore i te whai mana
① Kāore he tohu mō te Kāwai A. Ka ārai i te kātene kei mau hua, ā, ka ārai hoki i te tā me te tohu ki runga i te kātene.
a. He nui rawa te kaha whakatuwheratanga, te kaha peke rānei o te kātene.
b. He nui ake ngā ine i te manawanui kua tohua i roto i ngā tuhi hoahoa hanganga.
c. Kua pakaru te kātene, he kōhao, he karawarawa rānei, ā, kua karawarawa, kua pōuri rānei te tauira kua tāia.
d. He hapa kei roto i te kotahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā tae kua tāia.
e. Kāore ngā tae tā i rēhitatia, ā, ka pōuriuri te tauira.
Kāore te kōhao i te tika, ā, kāore e taea te hanga, te whakakī me te hiri i te wāngā pouaka hikareti kātene te whakaputanga tākai.
② Kāore he tohu mō te Kāwai B. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i te kātene, he āhua kino rānei te kounga.
a. He paru, he karawarawa rānei kei te mata o te tauira kua tāia, e whakaatu ana i te kātene, i te peita kōhatu rānei.
b. Kāore i oti, kāore rānei i te rawaka te kōhao ka uaua te hanga i te kātene ki runga i te raina whakaputa tākai, ka heke te pai o te tākai. c. Ina kati te taupoki raka-raro aunoa, kāore te putanga e tuwhera tika ana d. Kua pokaia ngā kōhao ngāwari ki te whakatuwhera i te taha o te kātene. Kāore i te pai.
③Kāore he tohu mō te Kāwai C. Ko te āhua anake ka pā ki te whakamahinga, engari kāore e pā ki te āhua.
a. He taratara te mata tā, ā, he kino te kounga o te oro.
b. He paku paerewa te tae o te tānga.
Ko ngā herenga kounga whiwhi kāore i te whaimana i runga ake nei ko: Akomanga A 0.4; Akomanga B 1.0; Akomanga C 2.5.
(3) Tirotiro i te kātene Me whakahaere te mana whakahaere kounga me te tirotiro whai hua i roto i te kaihanga kātene kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hangarau. Mena kāore te puranga katoa o ngā taonga e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga nā te ngoikore o te mahi kātene, kei te tari whakahaere kounga o te kaihanga te mana ki te tono kia tirohia anō.
I roto i te hapori hou, ahakoa te hangangā pouaka hikareti kātene, kua whakatūria e te iwi ngā ariā o te tiaki taiao me te whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Me whai āhuatanga pai mō te taiao ngā takai, ā, me kore e poke, me ngāwari hoki te whakahaere. Ko te ia whānui o te whanaketanga ōhanga o te ao ko te ariā whanaketanga pūtaiao o te whanaketanga e aro ana ki te tangata, whānui, taurite, me te pumau. He mea tika kia whakarite kia taurite te tipu ōhanga me te taupori, ngā rauemi me te taiao, ā, kia ōrite te aro ki te whanaketanga ōhanga me te tiaki taiao. Me ahu mai te tipu ōhanga i te kaha kawe o ngā rauemi me te taiao taiao, me te kaupapa ki te hanga i tētahi hapori e aro ana ki te tiaki me te hoahoa taiao. Kua hangaia te ariā hou a te tangata mō te "takai pumau". Ko te "takai pumau" me whai whakaaro ki te arotau i ngā rauemi me te pūngao i roto i te hoahoa takai, te mahi takai me te utu kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga paerewa o te mākete, me te whakamahinga o te whakaora i roto ingā pouaka hikareti kātenete hanga tākai, te kawe me ngā tukanga hangarua. Te pūngao, te whakamahinga nui o ngā rauemi ka taea te whakahou me te hangarua, te hangarua tino whai hua, te whakarato rauemi mata whai hua mō ngā hua hangarua, me te whai hua ki ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i te wā o tengā pouaka hikareti kātenete huringa ora o te takai, me te whakarite i te haumaru me te hauora. He rite tonu ki te ariā o te ōhanga porowhita, arā, ka whakamahia te whakamahinga whai hua me te hangarua o ngā rauemi hei kaupapa matua, ā, ka whakamahia te "iti te whakamahinga, te iti o ngā tukunga, me te tino whai hua" hei āhuatanga matua. He huarahi kē atu i te "whakaputa papatipu, te whakamahinga papatipu, me te para papatipu". He huringa nui i roto i te tauira tipu rauemi tuku iho. Me urutau te umanga takai ki ngā hiahia o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga porowhita. Kei roto i te takai he whakamāramatanga hou, e kiia nei ko te "takai matomato"
Wā tuku: 17 Paenga-whāwhā 2024